俄罗斯中央与地方关系的嬗变

发布时间：2018-01-29 10:26

本文关键词： 国家结构联邦制民族分离主义地方分立主义　出处：《河北师范大学》2002年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 中央与地方的关系是指一定国家政权组织形式下中央政府与地方政府之间的权力分配及统属联系。前苏联实行的是以民族为特征的联邦制(虽然名不副实)，在这种国家结构形式中，中央与地方的关系实际上就是联盟与各民族的关系问题。俄罗斯作为前苏联的唯一合法继承者，也存在着联邦分裂的危险，面临着维护联邦统一的艰巨任务。如何处理中央与地方的关系问题，是俄罗斯社会政治经济转轨过程中的一个根本性问题之一，它与经济改革、政治权力斗争、外交努力共同构成了俄罗斯国家和社会的四大主题。纵观中央与地方关系迄今为止的嬗变过程，它主要分为两个大的回合：从苏联解体前夕开始到1996年为止，民族分离主义与地方分立主义同时出击，俄联邦出现了分裂的各种迹象，中央与地方的斗争在政治、经济、法律等各个领域全面展开，中央勉强维护了国家统一，但没有彻底解决根本问题。1996年到1998年有两年的相对平稳期，分裂浪潮由明转暗，由激进转向温和(车臣除外)。但是，1998年的金融危机使俄联邦政府的许多承诺和保证化为泡影，中央政府陷入了自转轨以来最为严重的分裂之中。叶利钦总统一时束手无策，从普里马科夫任总理开始，尤其是普京上台后，面对严峻的局势，联邦政府从根本上改变了态度和策略，采取了极为强硬而有效的一系列措施，从根本上扭转了联邦中央的被动局面，使任何一个联邦主体的独立图谋都化为泡影。但要最终彻底解决中央与地方关系，必须找到符合俄国情的联邦制形式。论文从中央与民族分离主义和地方分立主义斗争及其解决的角度分析了中央与地方的关系。本论文分五个部分：第一部分主要分析俄罗斯中央与地方矛盾的历史背景：在这部分中我分析了三个问题：1、联邦制与单一制的关系问题。首先分析了苏联建立初期对联邦制的扭曲；其次是联邦制国家结构形式(以民族为特征)与执政党的组织原则的矛盾、与中央高度集中统一的计划经济体制的矛盾、与各加盟共和国民族主义崛起的矛盾。2、双重主权问题。俄罗斯出现的双重主权主要表现为：中央与地方都有主权，这种构想缺乏科学性，在理论与实践上对转轨中的俄联邦产生了不良影响，对俄联邦的统一构成严重威胁。3、俄罗斯民族主义与非俄罗斯民族主义的关系。民族主义的负面影响是导致国家分裂，俄罗斯民族是前苏联最大的民族，俄民族主义的崛起最终导致了苏联的解体。第二部分分析俄罗斯中央与地方的第一轮较量（1992年一 1996年）。苏联解体后，非俄罗斯民族主义开始泛滥，少数民族的民族分离主义崛起，弱势地区的地方分立主义也开始兴盛，中央与地方展开第一轮较量，主要是对车臣的第一次战争，但以失败告终。中央为维护联邦统一主要采取以下举措：法律保障、经济措施、政治措施、军事手段等。第三部分主要了分析中央与地方的第二轮较量（1998年一现在）。1996 一1998两年间歇朗的潜在危险。首先是地方分立主义势力进一步巩固；其次是民族分离主义势力厉兵袜马、伺机待发；再次分析地方政治势力在俄政坛上的崛起及对中央的威胁。金融危机后的俄罗斯面临全面危机，车臣危机又一次掀起独立浪潮。普京任总理后，对车臣进行了一次较为彻底的战争并取得胜利，扭转了联邦政府在中央与地方关系方面的长期被动局面。第四部分是普京加强中央集权。普京任总统后，采取了一系列措施加强中央的权力，维护俄联邦的统一。普京加强中央集权的主要措施：维护总统共和制、控制杜马、改组联邦委员会、建立垂直的人事任命制度、维护联邦宪法和法律的权威、设立联邦区、重用强力部门等。普京加强中央集权过程中多数目标己达到，但他的做法显然也有许多欠妥之处：首先是速度过快；其次也有多处违反宪法，如设立联邦区；再次是加强中央集权的目标并没有解决联邦制的症结，严重忽视了联邦主体机构设置与中央的重叠问题，因为这关系到联邦制模式的选择。第五部分展望俄罗斯中央与地方关系的前景。目前，俄罗斯联邦制并未定型，，衡量联邦统一的标准要从以下方面看：第一，能否正确评价以往历史进程中中央与地方、俄族与非俄族关系上一些错误，并妥善处理历史沉凤第二，能否找到符合俄国情的联邦制模式；第三，能否尽快恢复和发展经济，改善人民生活。总之，改革中的俄罗斯仍有着俄联邦统一的有利条件，如果能找到符合俄国倩的联邦制形式，处理好中央与地方的关系，一个统一强大的俄罗斯仍将屹立在欧亚大陆上。
[Abstract]:The relationship between central and local governments is refers to between the central government and local government must state power organization form of the distribution of power and subordination relation. The former Soviet Union is the implementation of the national characteristics of the federal system (although in this form, more in name than in reality) in the state structure, relationship between central and local governments is actually the alliance with various nationalities Russia. As the only legitimate successor of former Soviet Union, there is also danger Union, faced with the daunting task of preserving the union. How to deal with the problem of the relationship between central and local governments, is Russia's social politics is a fundamental problem in the process of economic transition, and economic reform, political power struggle, diplomacy to constitute the four major themes of the society and the country. The relationship between the central and local governments throughout the process of evolution so far, it is mainly divided into two major: from the back The eve of the Soviet Union started until 1996, national separatism and local separatism out at the same time, the Russian Federation appeared signs of division of the central and local struggle in politics, economy, law and other fields in full swing, central to safeguarding national unity, but did not completely solve the fundamental problem of.1996 to a relatively stable period in 1998 two years, split by radical to moderate wave gone underground, (except Chechnya). However, the financial crisis in 1998 makes many promises the Russian federal government and ensure the central government into vanish like soap bubbles, since the transition of the most serious split. President Yeltsin was at a loss what to do, Prime Minister Primakov from the beginning, especially after Putin came to power in the face of the grim situation, the federal government changed the attitude and strategy fundamentally, has taken a series of measures is extremely tough and effective, from the root The federal government to reverse the passive situation, so that any one of the main independent federal scheme. But eventually vanish like soap bubbles completely solve the relationship between central and local governments must find the situation in line with Russian federalism.
This paper analyzes the relationship between the central and the local from the point of view of the struggle between the central and national separatism and local separatism and its solution. This thesis is divided into five parts:
The first part mainly analyzes the historical background of the Russian Central and local conflicts: in this part, I analyzed three problems: 1, relationship between federal system and unitary system. Firstly analyzes the early establishment of a federal system of the Soviet Union antithetical couplet distortion; second is the federal state structure (characterized by the national contradiction and the ruling party) the organizational principle of the conflict with the central highly centralized planned economy system, and the contradiction between.2 republics the rise of nationalism, dual sovereignty. The double sovereignty in Russia mainly as follows: the central and local governments have sovereignty, this idea is not scientific, in theory and practice have a bad influence on the transition of the Russian Federation, poses a serious threat to the unified.3 of the Russian Federation, the relationship between Russian nationalism and non Russian nationalism. The negative influence of nationalism is the cause of country The Russian nation is the largest nation in the former Soviet Union, and the rise of Russian nationalism eventually led to the Soviet Union.
Disintegrate.
The second part analyses the first round of the Russian Central and local competition (1996 1992).
After the disintegration, the non Russian nationalism began to overflow, and the ethnic separatism of the minority nationalities rose up and was weak.
The local separatism in the potential areas has also begun to flourish, and the first round of the competition between the central and the local is the main one.
The first war in Chechnya ended with failure. The central government took the following measures to maintain federal reunification.
Legal safeguards, economic measures, political measures, military means, etc.
The third part mainly analyzes the second round of the central and local competition (1998).1996
The potential danger of a 1998 - year intermission is the further consolidation of the local separatist forces;
Is the ethnic separatist libing preparation; Ma socks, re analysis of local political forces in the Russian government
The rise of the altar and the threat to the Central Committee. After the financial crisis, Russia faces a comprehensive crisis, the Chechnya crisis
Another wave of independence was set off. After Putin served as prime minister, he fought a more thorough war on Chechnya and
Victory has reversed the long-term passive situation of the federal government in relation to central and local relations.
The fourth part was Putin's strengthening of centralization. After Putin was president, a series of measures were taken to strengthen
The power of the central government and the unity of the Russian Federation. The main measures to strengthen the centralization of Putin's centralization: the maintenance of the president
Republics, control of Duma, reorganization of the federal committee, the establishment of a vertical personnel appointment system, and the maintenance of the Federation
The authority of the Constitution and the law, the establishment of the Federal District, the reuse of the powerful department, etc. Putin strengthened the centralization process
Most of the goals have been achieved, but there are clearly a lot of shortcomings in his practice: first, the speed is too fast;
Secondly, there are many violations of the constitution, such as the establishment of a federal district; again, the goal of strengthening centralization is not
To solve the crux of the federal system, it seriously ignores the overlapping of the federal agencies and the central authorities.
This is related to the choice of federalism.
The fifth part looks forward to the prospect of the relationship between the central and the local in Russia. At present, the Russian Federation system is not
The standard of determining the unity of the Federation should be judged from the following aspects: first, can we correctly evaluate the past history
The central and local governments in the process of the relationship between ethnic Russian and non ethnic Russian on some mistakes, and properly handle the history of Shen Feng
Second, can we find a federal system that meets the national conditions of Russia; and third, can we recover and develop the economy as soon as possible,
Improve the people's life.
In a word, the reform of Russia still has a favorable condition for the unification of the Russian Federation, if it can find it.
A Russian form of federalism that deals with the relationship between the central and the local, and a unified and powerful Russia remains.
It will stand on the Eurasian continent.

【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2002
【分类号】：D751.2

【引证文献】