协和式民主与国外民族关系治理：基于三个案例的研究

发布时间：2018-03-22 10:14

  本文选题：民主理论协和式民主国外民族问题南蒂罗尔(South　切入点：Tyrol)　出处：《中共中央党校》2010年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 在多元分化的社会中,如何建构国家统一和政治稳定,使民主运转起来,保护不同群体的权利,维持政治和公共政策决策的质量一直是多民族国家面临的一个重大挑战。本论文力图展现一种处理民族关系的理论和方法工具,即协和式民主(consociational democracy)的理论和方法。本论文的主要宗旨是展示和述评协和式民主的内涵,并以三个案例为基础验证和展示协和式民主理论的运用,发现其适用性和局限性,以求能够对中国的民族关系治理提供一些借鉴和启示。 围绕这个核心宗旨,本论文首先在占有较为系统文献的基础上,梳理出协和式民主理论的框架内涵和方法意义。 作为对传统政治发展理论和政治制度研究的批评和质疑,协和式民主认识到,多数民主理论不能解释在社会和文化结构高度分化的社会中的较高质量的民主和政治稳定的现实。在寻求对这些案例的经验和实践进行描述和解释的过程中,政治学家们构建了协和式民主的理论,作为对传统政治发展和民主政体理论的改进和完善。简而言之,与多数民主模式的多数决统治不同,协和式民主模式侧重于把社会各个群体的政治精英都纳入政治和政策决策制度和过程,形成权力共享,依靠各个社会群体精英之间的协商和妥协,以达成更广泛的共识为目标,实现更广大多数的民主。在协和式民主理论和制度下,多元分裂的异质性社会同样可以兼得政治稳定和运作良好的民主制度。 协和式民主主要的特征是,第一,大联合政府;第二,做决策时,各个群体相互否决或同时多数的规则;第三,比例性原则,即根据每个群体人口数量的不同比例作为政治代表、公职任命以及公共资源分配的主要依据;第四,群体自治,授予每一个群体高度自治以管理其内部事务。作为对协和式民主理论的延伸,作为多数民主的一个平行的替代模式,共识型民主理论以社会各个群体和政治力量之间的共识为目标,主张把尽量多的群体和政治力量纳入政治和政策过程,来推行更温和、更宽容的民主和政策绩效。共识民主理论同样对多民族国家处理民族关系提供了规范性的指导意义。 协和式民主理论是支撑本论文的理论框架。在该理论框架的指导下,本论文选择了三个具有典型意义的民族关系治理的案例研究来进一步说明、展示和验证协和式民主理论的适用性和局限性。这三个案例是意大利南蒂罗尔的民族关系治理、英国的北爱尔兰民族关系治理和比利时的民族关系治理。 南蒂罗尔民族关系治理模式的转变,反映了从多数民主模式向协和式民主模式的转型。第一个阶段,采取的是一种多数决的简单化的大区自治,用意大利语族的多数压制了少数民族的自治和权利。第二个阶段,以德语族裔和拉丁语族裔的否决权、比例代表制、联合政府和民族事务自治实现了协和式民主的模式,从而取得了政治稳定、民族关系和谐和良好的经济社会政策绩效。 北爱尔兰两大民族由于宗教差异与对立,进而造成了社会、政党、准军事组织的两元对立局势。北爱尔兰民族关系治理模式也经历了这两种模式的转变。一是1921年至1972年间的“史铎蒙体制”,是一种多数民主的模式。英国在北爱尔兰实行“新教优势”政策,实行不公平不公正的政治、经济、社会、教育政策,多数统治走向多数暴政。另外一种是1998年贝尔法斯特协议签订实施后的具有协和式民主特点的模式,建立联合政府,实行比例代表制,实现权力共享。 作为一个“人造国家”,在民族社会结构高度“两极化”的国情下,比利时政府和各界政治精英采用协和式民主的思维和方法,依靠精英间的妥协协商,保障了各个语言群体和地区的权利,实现了稳定和民主。比利时的政治生活中,体现出大联合、比例制、少数否决、民族事务自治等明显的协和式民主的特征。 对中国读者来说,协和式民主理论的内涵和方法值得介绍,其中蕴含了对中国处理民族关系的理论借鉴意义和政策启示,因而有着较大的理论和现实意义。 一方面,构建全国各民族共同的政治忠诚,维护国家统一和凝聚力是国家建构的核心目标,应该理直气壮地坚持;另一方面,对于传统的、地方的、民族的、宗教的、语言等的认同和少数民族权利保障,由于原初认同的稳定性和对少数民族权利保护的道德义务和法律义务,应该主动对国家内部的民族多样性和文化多样性予以积极的尊重和承认。 对中国的政治发展,特别是对中国的民族关系治理而言,应该充分认识到主动进行政治实践和制度建设的引领和塑造作用,以实践和制度改造文化、改造社会。作为一种政治实践和制度构建,协和式民主的精髓在于,在民族多样性和文化多样性的国家,应该采取把各个少数民族的政治精英纳入政府和政策过程的方式,打造广泛的政治和政策共识,实现政治稳定和有效民族关系治理。以此为目标,要特别重视少数民族干部的选拔、培养和使用,提高他们在本民族群众中的领导动员能力,加强民族自治地方的自主性,大力解决经济社会发展不平衡的问题,鼓励跨越民族界限的认同和文化交流,增强各个民族之间的亲和力。
[Abstract]:In a pluralistic society, how to construct the national unity and political stability, make democracy work, protection of minority rights and maintaining quality of politics and public policy decision has been a major challenge for the multi-ethnic country. This thesis tries to show the theory and method of tool for handling ethnic relations, namely the union Democracy (Consociational democracy) theory and method. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate and review of the Concorde democracy, and in three cases as the basis to validate and demonstrate the use of Consociational democracy theory, the applicability and limitation, in order to ethnic relations governance to provide some reference and Chinese enlightenment.
Around this core purpose, this paper first combs the framework connotation and method meaning of the Concorde democratic theory on the basis of a relatively systematic literature.
As the theoretical research and development of the political system of the traditional political criticism and questioning, Consociational democracy recognizes that the Democratic majority democratic and political theory can not explain the higher quality in the social and cultural structure of highly differentiated society stability in reality. The description and explanation in the process of seeking the experience and practice of these cases. Political scientists constructed Consociational democracy theory, as the improvement and development of the traditional political and democratic theory and perfect. In short, the majority and the Democratic majority decision rule of different modes, Consociational democracy mode focusing on the social political elite into political and policy decision-making system and process, the formation of power sharing rely on, negotiation and compromise between various social groups of the elite, to reach a broad consensus as the goal, to achieve greater majority democracy. Democracy in Concord In theory and system, pluralistic and heterogeneous society can also have a democratic system of political stability and good operation.
Consociational democracy the main features is that the first coalition government; second, decision making, each group veto or at the same time most of the rules; third, the principle of proportionality, according to different proportion of each population as political representatives, public appointments and public resources allocation mainly on the basis of fourth autonomous groups; granted, each group a high degree of autonomy to manage their internal affairs. As an extension of Consociational democracy theory, as a parallel substitution pattern of the majority democracy, consensus Consensus Democracy focuses on various social groups and political power as the goal, should take as many groups and political forces into the political and policy to carry out the process, more gentle, more tolerant and democratic policy performance. Consensus Democracy is also of great national ethnic relations provides normative significance.
Consociational democracy theory is the theoretical framework to support this paper. In this framework, this paper chose three case studies of typical ethnic relations governance to further explain, demonstrate and verify the applicability and limitations of Consociational democracy theory. The three cases are ethnic relations governance in southern Italy Tyrol, Northern Ireland ethnic relations governance and Belgium's ethnic relations governance.
Change the South Tyrol ethnic relations governance pattern, reflects the transformation from the model to the most democratic Consociational democracy mode. The first stage is taking a majority of the simplistic regional autonomy, with the majority of Italy. The suppression of the minority autonomy and rights. In second stages, with German minorities and Latin American veto, proportional representation, the coalition government and autonomous ethnic affairs implement Consociational democracy mode, so as to achieve political stability, ethnic harmony and good economic and social policy performance.
Northern Ireland two nation due to religious differences and confrontation, thus resulting in the social, political parties, two tensions paramilitary. Northern Ireland national governance has undergone the transformation of these two modes. One is from 1921 to 1972 "history Duomeng system", is a kind of most British democratic model. To implement the "Protestant ascendancy" policy in Northern Ireland, the implementation of the unfair political, economic, social, educational policy, majority rule to tyranny of the majority. The other one is the implementation of the agreement signed in Belfast in 1998 after having Consociational democracy characteristic model, the establishment of a coalition government, proportional representation system, realize the power sharing.
浣滀负涓，

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