农业小企业对孟加拉国农村贫困妇女生计资产影响研究

发布时间：2018-03-24 23:10

本文选题：小企业　切入点：农村妇女　出处：《西北农林科技大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：本文研究主要涉及两个主题：一是阐明农业小企业对孟加拉国农村贫困妇女生计资产的可持续影响；二是探究农村贫困妇女在其家庭生活条件改进过程中的角色变化。孟加拉国是一个农业国家，农业经济占国民生产总值的20%，农业劳动人口占劳动总人口的63%，尤其是种植业是农业的重要部门，其产量占农业总产量的72%。孟加拉国农村人口主要以农业生产经营为生，许多农村人口就业于为农户或农基工商业提供产品和服务的小型农村企业。孟加拉国约有五千五百万名妇女，约占全国总人口的二分之一。在孟加拉国这样一个农业国家和生计经济国家，家禽、乳制品、苗圃、米糠、渔业和手工艺品企业在提供营养食品，以及增加收入和就业方面发挥重要作用。可持续生计（sustainablelivelihoods）取决于对资产（包括人力资本、社会资本、有形资产、自然资产和金融资产）的获取性和控制性。近年，部分政府组织和非政府组织致力于通过针对就业和薪金的教育类和经济类项目，提高农村贫困妇女的社会经济地位。基于上述背景，本文旨在揭示农业小企业，特别是在小额信贷项目推进过程中，对农村贫困妇女生计资产可持续发展的影响，并评价农户生活水平改进状况。本研究数据源自孟加拉国迈门辛三个地区的300个农户。样本户中的妇女成员主要从事畜禽饲养企业、蔬菜种植企业和渔场企业经营。本文以可持续生计资产为研究框架，因而分析重点之一是揭示农村妇女对不同类型的生计资产（有形、人力、金融、自然和社会资产）的可获取性，以及有效利用资产的能力。该研究框架为研究组织、政策、机制、文化规范如何影响农户生计提供了评价方法。金融资产方面，tobit模型结果表明年龄、储蓄水平和抵押条件对农村妇女的金融资产水平产生显著正影响。本研究中，多数女性企业家处于盛年期，更有能力和精力从事农业企业经营活动。受高利息率影响，女性企业家偏好储蓄。由于缺乏抵押品，妇女更愿意通过参加小额信贷项目，进而参与企业活动。信贷数额和劳动力共享也对农村妇女的金融资产水平产生显著正影响。这表明，非政府组织的小额信贷项目对妇女的盈利能力具有重要影响，进而增加了其金融资产。妇女与其家庭成员共享劳动力，使其赚取更多利润，从而能为企业再投资积累更多资本。在其企业经营中，家庭劳动力在获取收入方面扮演重要角色。此外，受教育程度和培训水平越高的农村妇女，其金融资产也越多。相比其他农业企业，参与畜禽企业的妇女拥有更多的金融资产，这是由于近年来畜禽部门成为优先发展的部门，并且畜禽产品在个体经营的农村妇女中需求量大。自然资产方面，orderedprobit模型结果显示区域的土地、肥料、降雨和植被条件对农村妇女的自然资产水平产生显著正影响。作为自然资源，土地规模以及土壤类型和肥沃程度对农业生产产生直接影响。农村妇女习惯于在宅地及毗邻地区从事农业生产。有机肥料是维持土壤肥力和生产力的重要来源，充足的降雨能促进农业高产出。植被对维持适宜的气候、温度、湿度和降雨量发挥重要作用。此外，地下水位也对农村妇女的自然资产水平产生显著正影响。参与蔬菜企业的妇女，其自然资产水平更高。这是因为相比渔业和畜禽，蔬菜种植更容易受到土地规模、肥料、降雨量的影响。有形资产方面，orderedprobit模型结果表明工作经历、健康状况、信贷来源和投入有效性与农村妇女的有形资产具有显著的正相关关系。富有经验的妇女更加熟悉如何进行资金管理、投入购买、市场传播和基础设施建设。女性企业家也能获得健康方面的保健措施。受到非政府组织信贷监管的影响，贷款者关注有形资产的贷款用途。投入的有效性提高了农村地区的市场稳定性，使得小企业更易进入。蔬菜企业和畜禽企业对农村妇女有形资产具有显著正影响，且蔬菜企业的正影响更显著。这证明蔬菜企业与其他企业相比，其基础条件更优越，有更多的机会进行蔬菜生产经营。人力资本方面，orderedprobit模型结果表明参加非政府组织的培训、家庭食品营养和卫生环境、农业生产知识与农村妇女的人力资本具有显著的正相关关系。参与企业经营的妇女经过培训，效率得到提高，并且在基本需求方面（如营养食品和个人卫生）得到更多支持，进而整个家庭的健康状况得到改善。在农村地区，妇女习惯于将本土知识和技术运用到农业实践中。健康检查次数越多，农村妇女的人力资本水平越高，这表明参与企业经营的妇女更关心其健康状况，而年龄、教育程度也与农村妇女的人力资本具有显著的正相关关系。参与渔业企业的妇女，其人力资本水平更高，这是因为相比其他企业，渔业企业因养殖更困难而需要企业家具备更高的技能和知识。社会资本方面，orderedprobit模型结果表明与其他企业家联系程度、在非政府组织会议中的领导力、社会集会的参与度、水源及卫生条件、政治意识、家庭支持力度对农村妇女的社会资本具有显著的正影响。保持与其他企业家联系意味着良好的社会网络。在非政府组织会议中具有领导力能增强妇女的自信和自强感，进而提高其社会自由度。参与婚礼、年会、文化娱乐等社会集会能使其及家人在与其他家庭成员的交流中获益。水源及卫生条件对妇女健康产生重要影响的同时，也对其农村社会生活具有显著影响。因为在农村地区，只有声望高的家庭才能拥有良好的卫生条件和纯净的管井水。政治意识和家庭支持对当今农村社会至关重要，尤其是对女性权益更为重要。计量结果显示，，自有企业的妇女工作经历越多，基本需求提升，其社会资本水平越高。参与畜禽企业的妇女更容易获得更高水平的社会资本。由于参与畜禽企业也能提高妇女的金融资本和有形资产水平，因而对于参与畜禽企业的妇女而言，提高金融资本和有形资产水平对提高其社会资本水平有显著作用。本研究发现农村贫困妇女在改进家庭生活条件中发挥重要作用。研究结果显示，参与畜禽企业、渔业企业和蔬菜企业的妇女所属的家庭年均收入分别为112543.1孟加拉塔卡，106503.3孟加拉塔卡，97725.09孟加拉塔卡，较未参与企业前平均增加了373.40%。参与三类企业中的大部分被调查妇女表示在健康状况、卫生意识等方面有不同程度的改进。家庭资产相较于未参与企业前平均增加了180.03%，管井使用比例增加到96%，卫生厕所使用比例提高到94.67%。妇女在食品、服装和幼儿教育的贡献程度分别提高了193.79%、421.34%、580.62%，工作日增加了119%。这些改进表明，小企业为农村贫困妇女创造了新的自我就业机会。另外，研究还显示，60%的妇女获得期限为8-10年的小额信贷，40%的妇女获得期限为5-7年的小额信贷。参与畜禽企业的妇女中有66%长期获得小额信贷，这一数字在参与渔业企业的妇女中为61%。基本上，小额信贷成为维持妇女参与企业活动的主要基础保障。此外，妇女在获取信贷（96%）、家庭计划（97.33）、婚姻（93%）、儿童辅导（95.67%）、社会宗教（85.67）、娱乐（88%）决策方面均具有显著影响，但她们在土地买卖决策（63%）中扮演次要角色。农村妇女在资产使用方面拥有的资源有限，需要创新路径来积累资本。政府、非政府和私人部门能为参与企业的贫困妇女提供技术支持，私人和公共机构能催化并促进农业小企业发展，使农村贫困妇女生计获得可持续性发展。研究还发现，女性企业家在创业时面临的不利社会因素，主要包括信用和培训缺失、价格波动、灌溉设施匮乏、种子、饲料和工艺知识缺乏等。因此，需要转变与生计相关的制度、组织、政策和立法的结构及流程，以减少女性创业中的不利因素。目前，已有的研究成果侧重于从企业家的生产系统进行结构流程改造，如非政府组织小额信贷和培训项目，帮助农村女性企业家管理创业活动。本文则是以提高收入水平、增加幸福程度、降低脆弱性、改进食品安全条件、提高自然资源的可持续利用程度以及改善妇女权利作为可持续生计的评价视角。
[Abstract]:This research mainly involves two topics: one is to clarify the small agricultural enterprises sustainable impact on the Bangladesh Rural Poor Women's livelihood assets; the two is to explore the rural poor women's changing roles in the process of improving the living conditions of their families. Bangladesh is an agricultural country, the agricultural economy of 20% of GDP, agricultural labor force for labor 63% of the total population, especially the planting industry is an important sector of agriculture, the agricultural output accounted for 72%. of the total output of Bangladesh Rural population mainly in the agricultural production and management for the students, many of the rural population employment in small rural enterprises to provide products and services for the farmers or agricultural base business. Bangladesh has about fifty-five million women, accounting for about 1/2 of the country's total population. In such a state and Bangladesh Agricultural livelihood economy countries, poultry, dairy products, nursery, rice bran, and fishery Handicrafts enterprises in providing nutritious food, and play an important role in increasing income and employment. The sustainable livelihoods (sustainablelivelihoods) depends on the assets (including human capital, social capital, tangible assets, natural assets and financial assets) acquisition and control. In recent years, some government organizations and non-governmental organizations committed to for employment and salary education and economic projects, improve the rural poor women's social and economic status.
Based on the above background, this paper aims to reveal the small agricultural enterprises, especially in the microfinance project to promote the process of rural poverty, women's Livelihood Assets of sustainable development, and evaluation of farmers' living standards improved. Based on the data from 300 households in Bangladesh in three districts of Mymensingh. The women in the sample households members mainly engaged in animal husbandry enterprise, business enterprise. In this paper, vegetable cultivation and fisheries to Sustainable Livelihoods Assets as the research framework, so the analysis is one of the focuses of Livelihood Assets reveals the rural women of different types of (physical, financial, human, natural and social assets) can be obtained, and the ability to effectively use assets. The research framework for the study of tissue. Policy, mechanism, cultural norms how to influence the farmers' livelihood provides evaluation methods.
Financial assets, Tobit model shows that age has a significant positive effect of savings and mortgage conditions on rural women's financial assets. In this study, the majority of women entrepreneurs in the prime period, more ability and energy to engage in business activities of agricultural enterprises. By the high interest rate of female entrepreneurs preference savings. Due to the lack of collateral, women more willing to in microfinance projects, and to participate in business activities. The amount of credit and labor share also have significant positive influence on the level of financial assets for rural women. This shows that profitability has an important influence on women's NGO microfinance programs, and increase its financial assets. Women and their family members shared labor, to earn more profits, and for enterprises to accumulate more capital investment. In the business, family labor in acquisition Play an important role in income. In addition, the level of education and training of the higher level of rural women, their financial assets more. Compared to other agricultural enterprises, involved in livestock and poultry enterprises women have more financial assets, this is due to the livestock sector become a priority in the development of the Department, and the individual management of livestock and poultry products in rural women in great demand.
Natural assets, orderedprobit model showed that the area of land, fertilizer, natural assets have significant positive influence on rural women's level of rainfall and vegetation conditions. As natural resources, land scale, soil types and soil fertility have a direct impact on agricultural production. The rural women used to engage in agricultural production in the area adjacent to the homestead and organic. Fertilizer is an important source to maintain soil fertility and productivity, adequate rainfall can promote agricultural output. The high temperature vegetation to maintain suitable climate, humidity and rainfall play an important role. In addition, the underground water level has a significant positive impact on rural women's natural assets level. In vegetable enterprise women, the level of natural assets higher. This is because compared to fisheries and livestock, vegetables are more susceptible to land scale, fertilizer, rainfall.
Tangible assets, orderedprobit model results show that the work experience, health status, sources of credit and investment validity and the rural women's tangible assets have a significant positive correlation. The experience of the women are more familiar with how to carry out the management of funds, investment purchase, marketing communication and infrastructure construction. Women entrepreneurs can get health care measures. Affected by the non government organization credit supervision, lenders concerned about loan use of tangible assets. The effectiveness of investment to improve market stability in rural areas, so that small businesses are more likely to enter. Vegetable enterprises and livestock enterprises has significant positive impact on rural women's tangible assets, and vegetable enterprises are more significant influence. This proves that vegetable enterprise compared with other enterprises, the foundation of better conditions, have more opportunities for vegetable production.
Human capital, orderedprobit model shows that in NGO training, family food nutrition and health of the environment, agricultural production and rural women's knowledge of human capital has a significant positive correlation. In the business of women through training, improved efficiency, and the basic needs (such as nutrition food and personal hygiene) are more support, then the whole family's health improved. In rural areas, women are accustomed to local knowledge and techniques to agricultural practice. The more the number of health examination, rural women's higher level of human capital, which suggests the involvement of business women care more about their health status, age, education degree and the rural women's human capital has a significant positive correlation. In fishery enterprise women, the level of human capital is higher, this is because compared to other Enterprises, fishing enterprises are more difficult to breed, and need entrepreneurs to have higher skills and knowledge.
Social capital, orderedprobit model results show that the degree of contact with other entrepreneurs, in the conference of non governmental organizations in leadership, participation in social gatherings, water and sanitation, political awareness, family support social capital on rural women have significant positive effects. With other entrepreneurs contact means good social network. In the conference of non governmental organizations in leadership can enhance women's self-confidence and self-reliance, and improve the social freedom. To participate in the wedding, annual meeting, cultural entertainment and other social gatherings and can make the family benefit in communication with other family members. Water and sanitation conditions have an important impact on women's health at the same time, also have significant influence on the rural social life. Because in rural areas, only the high reputation of the family can have a good health condition and pure water. The well Support for the rural social governance is critical consciousness and the family, especially is more important for women's rights. The econometric results show that women experience more private enterprises, enhance the basic needs, the social capital level is higher. In livestock and poultry enterprises were more likely to have higher levels of social capital. Due to the participation of livestock and poultry enterprises can the improvement of women's financial capital and tangible assets, and to participate in livestock and poultry enterprises of women, improve the level of financial capital and tangible assets have significant effects on improving the level of social capital.
The study found that poor rural women play an important role in improving the living conditions of families. The results of the study showed that the women involved in livestock and poultry enterprises, fishery enterprises and vegetable enterprise annual family income were 112543.1 Bangladeshi Taka, 106503.3 Bangladeshi Taka, 97725.09 Bangladeshi Taka, was not involved in the enterprise before the average increase of 373.40%. in three types of enterprises most of the women surveyed said in health are improved in health awareness. The family did not participate in the enterprise assets compared with an average increase of 180.03%, the use of tube wells proportion increased to 96%, improve the toilet use ratio to 94.67%. women in food, clothing and contribution of early childhood education were increased by 193.79% 421.34%, 580.62% working days, increase that 119%. these improvements, small enterprises to create a new self employment for the rural poor women The opportunity. In addition, the study also showed that 60% of the women for a period of 8-10 years, 40% of the women's access to microcredit, for a period of 5-7 years of microfinance. In livestock and poultry enterprises 66% of women with long-term access to microcredit, the number involved in the fishery enterprises in women is 61%. of the base, microfinance become the main basis for the protection of women's participation in the maintenance activities of the enterprise.
In addition, women in obtaining credit (96%), family planning (97.33), (93%), marriage counseling for children (95.67%), (85.67), social and religious Entertainment (88%) decision has significant impact, but in their decision to sell land (63%) play a secondary role in the rural women have in assets. The use of limited resources to innovation path to capital accumulation. The government, non government and the private sector can provide technical support for enterprises to participate in the poor women, private and public institutions can catalyze and promote development of small agricultural enterprises, the livelihoods of rural poor women to obtain sustainable development.
The study also found that the adverse social factors facing women entrepreneurs in the business, including credit and price fluctuations, the lack of training, lack of irrigation facilities, seed, feed and process such as lack of knowledge. Therefore, we need to change the livelihoods and related system, organization, policy and legislative structure and process, to reduce the unfavorable factors of female entrepreneurship in the present, the existing research results on the structure transformation process in production system from entrepreneurs, such as NGO microfinance and training programs to help rural women entrepreneurs entrepreneurship management. This paper is to improve the level of income, increase the degree of happiness, reduce vulnerability, improve food safety conditions, improve the natural resources the sustainable utilization degree and improve women's rights as the evaluation of sustainable livelihoods perspective.

【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：F335.4;D735.4

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