阿富汗穆沙希班王朝的部落社会治理及启示

发布时间：2018-04-05 20:49

本文选题：社会治理　切入点：阿富汗　出处：《西亚非洲》2017年02期

【摘要】：阿富汗呈现"强社会、弱国家"的权力分布模式。部落社会松散却十分强大,国家则孱弱无能,无法有效控制部落社会。如何整合部落社会成为近代以来阿富汗社会政治发展的难题。20世纪30年代到70年代,穆沙希班王朝构建了独特的部落社会治理模式。它首先利用当时的国际形势,从美、苏获取巨额外援,使国家摆脱对部落社会的依赖。借此,阿富汗一方面采取维持部落社会的传统自治、免税和提供补助等举措与部落结成联盟,同时切断部落与宗教阶层的联系,使部落失去了动员能力;另一方面,穆沙希班王朝渐进地推动部落社会变革,依靠外援强化国家的治理能力。这一政策虽维持了部落社会近半个世纪的稳定,但并未真正解决如何整合部落社会的问题,最终成为触发阿富汗问题的重要因素,在当前阿富汗重建中亦可见其影响。
[Abstract]:Afghanistan presents a "strong society, weak state" distribution of power.Tribal society is loose but very strong, and the state is weak and unable to control it effectively.How to integrate the tribal society has become a difficult problem in Afghanistan's social and political development since modern times. From the 1930s to the 1970s, the Mushahiban dynasty constructed a unique model of tribal society governance.It first took advantage of the international situation at that time to obtain a huge amount of foreign aid from the United States and the Soviet Union, so that the country could get rid of its dependence on tribal society.As a result, Afghanistan, on the one hand, maintains traditional autonomy in tribal society, tax-exempt and subsidizes, and forms alliances with tribes, while cutting off the links between tribes and the religious class, thus depriving the tribes of their ability to mobilize; on the other hand,The Mushahiban dynasty gradually promoted the transformation of tribal society, relying on foreign aid to strengthen the governance of the country.Although this policy has maintained the stability of the tribal society for nearly half a century, it has not really solved the problem of how to integrate the tribal society, and has finally become an important factor triggering the Afghan problem, and its influence can also be seen in the current reconstruction of Afghanistan.
【作者单位】：西北大学中东研究所;
【基金】：国家社科基金重大项目“中东部落社会通史研究”(15ZDB062);国家社科基金一般项目“阿富汗现代化进程中的民族国家发展研究”(13BSS013) 陕西省社会科学基金一般项目“现代阿富汗部落社会史研究”(2015H007) 陕西省高校哲学社会科学重点研究基地项目“现代阿富汗政治发展研究”(15JZ078)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：D737.2

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