美国、瑞典基本公共服务制度比较研究

发布时间：2018-04-15 17:51

本文选题：基本公共服务 + 均等化　；参考：《中共中央党校》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：改革开放三十余年，中国的经济建设取得了举世瞩目的成就，人民的生活水平有了大幅度提高。虽然我国社会面临的主要矛盾，即人民群众日益增长的物质文化需要与落后的社会生产之间的矛盾没有改变，但其表现形式己经发生了深刻的变化。其中一个重要的表现就是广大人民群众公共需求的全面快速增长与公共服务不到位、基本公共产品短缺之间的矛盾突出。近年来，我国的基本公共服务均等化的推进工作已经取得了不小的成就。但是由于中国是一个超大地域、拥有着超大规模人口的大国，经济基础原本比较薄弱，社会建设方面欠账太多，部分具体的制度设置难以适应社会变革后各方面变化，公共服务制度仍未完善，基本公共服务均等化还未完全实现。这既影响了作为政府四大基本职能之一的公共服务职能的有效发挥，也加剧了社会不公现象，使得因计划经济时代下造成的老问题和改革过程中出现的地区差距、贫富差距等新问题更加凸显出来，影响社会的和谐稳定。在经济改革已经进行到了一定程度与阶段的今天，社会层面的改革也被提到了国家重要的战略层面，基本公共服务均等化就是其中主要组成部分。基本公共服务均等化的推进等相关问题遂成为近年来学术界的热点问题。国外关于公共服务的理论虽然可以说是汗牛充栋，公共服务均等化的实践在一些国家也成绩显著，但是，由于历史、经济、社会等各方面条件的限制，我国各级政府的关注点主要集中于经济增长和经济发展，对社会层面发展的关注和政府自身责任的认识高度还不够。公共服务是近年来才为国内学界关注的新问题，基本公共服务均等化工作的推进工作也是近来才被政府真正重视起来的。显然，国内关于公共服务的本土化理论是缺乏的，公共服务均等化的实现方式、途径、以及制度建设等实践工作也还处于不完善、不系统的阶段。笔者期望通过该国别比较研究能够为中国公共服务理论的完善提供参考，丰富、完善中国的公共服务理论。国内不仅关于公共服务的理论尚不成熟，基本公共服务均等化推进工作的实践也还有很多可待改进之处。美国、瑞典两国虽然公共服务制度（从理念、制度设计到所要实现的目标等）不同，甚至可以说存在迥然差异，但是它们的一个共同点就是在公共服务均等化方面的工作做得较好，基本上实现了制度设计的目标。两国的公共服务制度各有优点，可以为中国公共服务制度的建设提供一定的参考。本研究以历史制度主义和马克思主义有关公共管理和公共服务的思想为理论分析框架，从历史制度主义的视角，重点探讨了美国、瑞典基本公共服务制度建立的历史、变迁的原因，并且总结归纳了对中国基本公共服务改革与完善的、可资借鉴的经验教训；认为美国和瑞典的基本公共服务制度之所以是现在的运行状况，是与其各自的制度环境、价值理念、历史文化传统等因素密切相关的；通过考察中国基本公共服务制度建立、改革的历史过程，结合中国的社会主义的本质要求、制度环境等因素，，认为瑞典高福利水平的公共服务制度是中国公共服务制度发展的方向，鉴于中国的制度设计和实际国情，笔者主张中国应当建设介于美国的市场主导型公共服务模式与瑞典的政府主导型模式之间的混合型公共服务模式；在事权、财权配置和监管方面多借鉴美国、瑞典两国的有益经验，走出一条适合中国国情、惠及最大多数社会成员的基本公共服务之路。基于对公共服务均等化国内外研究状况，特别是国别比较研究的简单梳理，在所选择的理论框架指导之下，笔者在此提出并论证以下两个研究假设：一是中国公共服务制度的建设应当是基于中国既有的历史、社会、经济、政治制度环境之上的；二是社会主义制度决定中国应当建设以政府为主导的、在现阶段以推进基本公共服务均等化为目标的公共服务制度。本文以定性方法为主，主要依赖文献研究，如阅读相关理论著作及文献，分别对美国、瑞典的公共服务制度进行考察、作比较分析，为中国公共服务制度的建设，特别是基本公共服务均等化推进工作提供借鉴。
[Abstract]:Thirty years of reform and opening up, China economic construction has made remarkable achievements, people's living standard has been greatly improved. Although the main contradiction facing our society, namely the contradiction between people's growing material and cultural needs and the backward social production has not changed, but the form has undergone profound change. The comprehensive and rapid growth of public services is an important manifestation of the broad masses of public demand is not in place, the contradiction between the shortage of basic public goods. In recent years, equal access to basic public service in China standardization work has made great achievements. But because China is a large region. Have a large population, weak economic foundation of the original social construction, too much debt, set a specific part of the system is difficult to adapt to social changes The change of public service system is not perfect, the equalization of basic public services has not been fully realized. This not only affects the effective function of the government as one of the four basic functions of the public service function, also exacerbated the phenomenon of social injustice, the gap between regions appear old problems and reform process for the era of the planned economy under the the gap between the rich and the poor, the new problem is more prominent, affecting social harmony and stability. In the economic reform has been carried out to a certain extent and stage of reform today, society is also mentioned in the national strategic level of equalization of basic public services is one of the main part. Issues related to the equalization of basic public services the promotion has become a hot issue in academic circles in recent years.
The theory about public service abroad although can be said to be an immense number of books, the practice of equalization of public services is significant, but also results in some countries, due to historical, economic and social aspects of other conditions, all levels of government in China mainly focuses on economic growth and economic development, the level of development of the understanding of social concern and the government's own responsibility is not enough. The public service in recent years as a new problem in the domestic academia, promote the equalization of basic public service work is only recently by the government to really pay attention to it. Obviously, the domestic localization theory on public services is the lack of the way to achieve the equalization of public services way, and system construction practice are still not perfect, not systematic stage. Through the comparative study of the country to China public service theory the author hopes to end It provides reference, enriches and consummate the theory of public service in China.
Not only on the domestic public service theory is not mature and practice to promote the equalization of basic public services also have a lot of work can be improved. The United States, although the Swedish public service system (from concept design to the system, to achieve the goal, etc.) can even say there are differences, but a common point they are working in the equalization of public service do better, basically realized the goal of the system design. The two countries have the advantages of the public service system, can provide a reference for the construction of China public service system.
Based on the historical institutionalism and the Marx doctrine of public management and public service as a theoretical analysis framework, from the historical institutionalism perspective, focusing on the United States, the establishment of the basic public service system in Sweden's history, the reasons for change, and summarizes the China basic public service reform and improvement of the experiences and lessons. Some argue that the United States and Sweden; the basic public service system is now running status, is their respective institutional environment, value concept, historical and cultural traditions and other factors are closely related; established through the study of the basic public service system China, the historical process of reform, combined with the essential requirement of socialism Chinese, institutional environment and other factors think, Sweden high welfare level of public service system is the development direction of China public service system, given the system design of the China And the actual conditions, the author argues that China should market construction between America oriented public service mode and the Swedish government led the mixed public service mode mode between; in governance, allocation and supervision of more useful experience from America, Sweden, out of a suitable Chinese conditions, benefit the most members of society the basic public service road.
The status of research on the equalization of public services at home and abroad based on the comparative study of the country especially simple combing, under the guidance of the chosen theoretical framework, the author puts forward and proves the following two hypotheses: one is the construction of China public service system should be China existing history, based on social, economic, political and institutional environment. The two is the socialist system; Chinese construction shall be decided by the government for leadership, at this stage in order to promote the equalization of basic public services as the goal of the public service system.
This paper based on qualitative methods, mainly rely on the literature research, such as reading the relevant theoretical works and literature, respectively, to the United States to inspect the Swedish public service system, comparative analysis, China for the construction of public service system, especially to promote the equalization of basic public services to provide reference.

【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D523

【引证文献】