从“冷战棋子”到“美国公民”：美国政府对苗人的利用与安置

发布时间：2018-04-18 20:05

本文选题：美国政府 + 苗人　；参考：《西南大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：美国对苗人的利用与安置是冷战以来美国整个外交政策与难民安置政策的缩影。经过四十多年的变迁,苗人与美国的关系是中国、老挝与美国三国间苗人群体共同关心的问题。通过对美国如何利用、安置苗人以及苗人从难民到公民身份的转变等这些问题的研究,可以加深对美国苗人全面、整体的认识,为解读当今美国苗人和中国苗族生存现状及影响提供有益思考。文中运用了史论结合的研究方法,力求阐明以利用与安置为主线,以苗人与美国政府间关系的演进历程为框架,从而分析其影响因素及作用,因而在论述过程中需要大量史实的支撑并在此基础上进行定性分析。本文从美国政府对苗人的利用、安置与苗人的“美国公民”角色形成的过程这三个方面来论述。第一章主要围绕着美国如何利用苗人展开,先是分析“秘密战争”发生的背景,然后从“胡志明小道”、获取对方军事情报和营救美国军事人员三方面对美国政府如何利用苗人进行分析,选取时段为1960-1975年,经过这些分析论证了苗人与美国错综复杂关系的由来。第二章共分为三部分,主要探讨美国联邦政府与州政府对苗人的安置政策及安置现状。第一部分阐述了“秘密战争”时期中情局与苗人间的“秘密协定”所引起的争论与纠葛,这些争论对美国政府安置苗人起到了一定的推动作用。第二部分以联邦政府为切入点,按照时间顺序分别对《印度支那移民与难民援助法案》、《1980年难民法案》和《1996年福利改革法案》以及《苗人退伍军人归化法案》进行梳理,联邦政府出台的这些法案使得苗人在美国得以生存并逐渐融入现代化生活中去,苗人的身份也发生了从“冷战棋子”到“美国公民”的微妙变化。第三部分则以明尼苏达州为例探讨州政府如何安置苗人,从语言、就业、农业等方面阐述了该州安置苗人的具体措施及取得的相应成效,是分布在美国各个州苗人安置状况的一个缩影。第三章着重分析了苗人“美国公民”角色的形成,从美国公民角色和传统角色的冲突为切入点,随着传统生产、生活方式的改变及传统社会角色的转变所主导的苗人传统社会体系的崩溃与苗人“美国公民”角色的最终形成这几个角度,论述苗人如何一步步获得了“美国公民”的身份及认同感。先是为了获取心理上的安全感及坚守传统生活习惯,苗人以“二次移民”的方式应对联邦政府的“分散安置”政策。为了最大限度的争取权益也积极成立了众多为自身群体发声的苗人社团和参与到美国政坛中去,苗人的公民角色日渐完善。获得公民身份对苗人意味着其传统社会体系遭受挑战,并趋于崩溃,挣扎在传统与现代边缘的苗人完全融入了美国社会。此外,苗人是美国最年轻的群体之一,他们虽然在各领域取得了巨大的成就,但不可否认的是从整体来说,他们仍然是美国亚洲移民群体中最为贫穷的一个民族。即便如此,以坚韧、生存能力极强著称的他们在妥协与坚持中延续了下来,并取得了为世人所瞩目的成就。美国政府对待苗人的态度也随着时代的进步和国际国内形势的变化而不断调整,美国苗人的历史随之翻开了新的篇章。
[Abstract]:The United States by the Miao people and resettlement is the United States since the Cold War foreign policy and the policy of refugee resettlement in miniature. After more than 40 years of change, the relationship between the United States and the Miao people is China, Laos and America between Hmong groups on issues of common concern. How to use through to the United States Citizenship studies such as the change of these problems the placement of the Miao people and Miao people from refugee to, it can deepen the American Hmong comprehensive, overall understanding, providing useful thoughts for the interpretation of the United States today and China Miao Miao people living status and influence. This paper used the research methods of combination of history, and strive to clarify the use and placement as the main line, with the evolution of the Miao people the United States and intergovernmental relations as a framework to analyze the influencing factors and the role of supporting and based and needs a large number of facts in the process of discussion on the qualitative analysis. This article from the United States government The office of the Miao people, the three aspects of resettlement and Miao people "American citizens" to discuss the formation process. The first chapter mainly revolves around the United States how to use the Miao people, the first is the analysis of the "secret war" occurred in the background, and then from the "Hu Zhiming trail", access to the analysis of how the U.S. government the Miao people party military intelligence and the rescue of American military personnel in three aspects, selected the period of 1960-1975 years, through the analysis of the origin of Miao people perplexing relations with the United States. The second chapter is divided into three parts, mainly discusses the status quo of federal state resettlement policy of the Miao people and the placement of the first part. The "secret war" during the period of the CIA and the Miao people between the "secret agreement" caused controversy and disputes, the debate on the United States government resettlement of Miao people plays a certain role in the second part. By the federal government as the starting point, according to the time sequence of "Indochina immigration and Refugee Assistance Act", <1980 and <1996 refugee Act > > and < the welfare reform bill Hmong veterans Naturalization Act > combs, the federal government issued the bill makes the Miao people survive in the United States and gradually integrate into the modern life. The Miao people, identity has changed from "cold war pieces" to "American citizens" subtle changes. The third part by the state of Minnesota as an example to discuss how the state resettlement of Miao people, from the language, employment, agriculture and other aspects of the effectiveness of the corresponding specific measures in the state and the resettlement of Miao people, distribution in a microcosm of the United States. The Hmong resettlement of the third chapter mainly analyzes the formation of the Miao people "American citizens", from the conflict of American citizen role and the traditional role as the starting point, with the The traditional production, the collapse changed lifestyle changes and the traditional social roles of the Miao traditional social system and Miao people "citizens of the United States" role of the final formation of these angles, discusses how the Miao people get a step by step "the identity of American citizens" and a sense of identity. The first is to obtain the psychological sense of security and stick to the traditional habits, the Miao people with "two immigration" approach to the federal government's scattered resettlement policy. In order to maximize the rights also actively set up many of their population sounding the Miao people to participate in the community and in American politics, the Miao people is perfect. The role of citizen citizen the identity of Miao people means that the traditional social system is challenged, and tends to collapse, struggling in the edge of the traditional and modern Miao people fully integrated into American society. In addition, the Miao people is the youngest group One of them, although in various fields has made great achievements, but there is no denying that as a whole, they are still a nation of America's poor Asian immigrant groups. Even so, in order to survive tough, strong ability for them to compromise and persist in continuation down, and the achievement has attracted the attention of the world. The United States government treats the Miao people's attitude also changes with the progress of the times and the international and domestic situation and continuously adjust, American Hmong history has opened a new chapter.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D771.2

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