美国福利公民身份缺损的政治制度解释

发布时间：2018-04-20 22:11

本文选题：美国政治 + 宪政民主体制　；参考：《甘肃行政学院学报》2014年06期

【摘要】：本文将主要回答一个理论问题:为什么美国没有在合适的时间内实现福利国家的建制。当英国、德国等资本主义国家在19世纪末20世纪初,相对较早地逐步建构起现代福利国家,并逐步实现了福利公民身份的时候,美国却迟迟未能建立起福利国家建制。以往的研究往往将其原因归纳为工业化与现代化的实现、福利供给的物质替代与价值替代、国家相对自主性不足与国家能力缺失、州际商业竞争的"反向激励"等方面。但是,这些因素的解释要么比较薄弱,要么比较模糊,要么只是中间变量,而难以从深层次的结构与体制层面加以解释。本文将美国福利公民身份缺损的原因归纳为美国宪政民主体制的阻碍,主要体现在州际关系与联邦—州关系的阻碍、美国联邦政府的多重分权制衡体制、政党结构与多元民主体制的限制等方面。而其根本原因还在于美国阶级结构的复杂性,即工人阶级内部多元分割而导致的分裂、中产阶级的保守化等结构性原因。所以,本文基本的结论是:美国早熟或者相对发达的宪政民主体制阻碍了美国福利公民身份的实现。
[Abstract]:This paper will mainly answer a theoretical question: why the United States did not implement the welfare state system within the right time. When Britain, Germany and other capitalist countries in the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, relatively early in the construction of a modern welfare state, and gradually realized the status of welfare citizenship, the United States has not been able to establish a welfare state system. Previous studies have often summed up the causes as the realization of industrialization and modernization, the material substitution and value substitution of welfare supply, the lack of national relative autonomy and the lack of national capacity, the "reverse incentive" of interstate commercial competition, and so on. However, the explanation of these factors is either weak, vague or just intermediate variables, and is difficult to explain from the deep structural and institutional level. In this paper, the reasons for the defect of welfare citizenship in the United States are summed up as the obstacles to the constitutional democracy in the United States, which are mainly reflected in the obstacles of the interstate and federal-state relations, and the system of multilevel separation of powers and checks and balances of the United States federal government. Party structure and restrictions on pluralistic democracy. The fundamental reason lies in the complexity of American class structure, such as the division of the working class and the conservatism of the middle class. Therefore, the basic conclusion of this paper is that the precocious or relatively developed constitutional democracy hinders the realization of American welfare citizenship.
【作者单位】：上海师范大学法政学院;
【基金】：作者主持的上海高校青年教师培养资助计划课题“民主化过程中的社会再分配——类型学的比较分析”(ZZshsf14020) 刘建军教授主持的国家社会科学基金重大项目“资本-福利-信息时代西方政治制度的困境与历史局限研究”(13&ZD035)的阶段性研究成果
【分类号】：D771.2

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