战后日本政治资金研究

发布时间：2018-05-07 21:29

本文选题：政治资金 + 政治资金制度　；参考：《南开大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：政治资金是西方资本主义国家选举普及后的产物,与此相关的政治资金制度则是选举制度必不可少的组成部分。二战以后,在普选和经济化大潮的影响下,金钱已成为资本主义国家选举中必要的花费。但是,战后日本由于政治资金丑闻不断,金权政治的盛行与健全的民主制度形成了鲜明对照。本文通过考察日本政治资金制度从建立到完善的整个过程,力图剖析政治资金在代议制政府的制度条件中如何充当了利益分配的媒介和工具,进而对其是否是一种“必要的恶”做出评价。本文运用历史学的实证分析方法和比较政治学的相关理论分析工具,以日本《读卖新闻》刊载的政府修改相关法律行动的报道和政府发表的历年政治资金收支报告书为基础材料,对日本建立和完善政治资金制度的过程进行了历时性考察,进而深入分析了各主要政党政治资金的收支结构及其用途和效果,从而在政治资金的层面上揭示了日本的政党制度、政党体质及其与政治决策的关系。政治资金是基于代议制政府的竞争性而存在的。经过考察和分析,本文发现并阐明了日本政治资金运作及其制度建构的以下问题。第一,无论战前还是战后,日本的政治资金规模都相当巨大。如何评价另当别论,但它确是实施宪政制度不可缺少的润滑剂。第二,厘清了政治资金制度从1948年制定《政治资金规正法》到2009年最后一次修改而不断完善的过程,同时指出“政治与金钱”的“阿克琉斯之踵”问题仍未从根本上解决。第三,在政治资金的运作及其效果的实证考察分析上取得了深入,并阐述了自己的见解。本文指出：日本的多次内阁更迭或多或少都与政治资金问题相关；日本的政党因成长经历、社会支持基础不同等差异,政治资金收支结构也大相迥异；1994年政治制度改革前,自民党长期执政时期的政治资金收支总体呈逐年上涨的趋势,同时也与是否是选举年而有较大浮动；1994年政治制度改革后,政治资金收入和支出总量呈逐年下降的趋势,政治资金的收支名目也越来越规范,政党补助金已经成为长期依赖政治捐款的自民党和迅速成长的民主党的主要政治资金来源,而公明党和共产党的政治资金来源为事业收入。同时,政治资金收入与政党在国会中的议席多寡已经无直接联系；政治资金是联系不同利益集团和政党的媒介之一,即使自民党长期政权结束后,这种媒介作用仍然存在。综上,本文的基本结论是,对政治资金进行有效的规范和引导,才能更好地推进民主化进程。日本政治资金制度的发展变革始终滞后于政党政治的发展变化,导致了政治资金在政治生活中负面作用较大。尽管如此,尚不能简单粗暴地完全否定政治资金在社会利益分配中的媒介功能,因为在西方的民主制度中,目前还未找到可以替代这种存在不少缺陷的更好的制度。
[Abstract]:Political funds are the product of popular elections in western capitalist countries, and the related political funds system is an indispensable part of the electoral system. After World War II, under the influence of universal suffrage and economization, money has become a necessary expense in the election of capitalist countries. However, after the war, because of political and fund scandals, the popularity of gold power politics and a sound democracy in sharp contrast. By investigating the whole process from the establishment to perfection of the Japanese political fund system, this paper tries to analyze how the political fund acts as the medium and tool for the distribution of interests in the institutional conditions of representative government. And then evaluate whether it is a necessary evil. This paper uses the empirical analysis method of history and the relevant theoretical analysis tools of comparative politics. Based on the report on the revision of relevant legal actions by the Government and the report on the income and expenditure of political funds published by the Government of Japan in the Yomiuri Shimbun, the paper makes a diachronic investigation on the process of establishing and perfecting the political fund system in Japan. Furthermore, the paper deeply analyzes the structure, use and effect of the political funds of the major political parties, thus revealing the political party system, the constitution of the political parties and their relationship with the political decision-making on the level of the political funds. Political funds are based on the competitive nature of representative government. Through investigation and analysis, this paper finds and clarifies the following problems of Japanese political fund operation and system construction. First, before and after the war, Japan's political capital was enormous. How to evaluate is another matter, but it is an indispensable lubricant for the implementation of constitutional system. Second, it clarifies the process of the political fund system from the enactment of the "political fund law" in 1948 to the last revision in 2009, and points out that the "Achilles heel" problem of "politics and money" has not been solved fundamentally. Thirdly, the paper makes a thorough analysis of the operation and effect of political funds, and expounds its own views. This paper points out that many cabinet changes in Japan are more or less related to the issue of political funds; the political parties in Japan have different social support bases due to their growth experiences, and the structure of political funds and revenues and expenditures are also greatly different; before the reform of the political system in 1994, During the LDP's long term in power, the political capital income and expenditure in general showed an upward trend year by year, but also fluctuated greatly with whether it was an election year.After the political system reform in 1994, the total amount of political capital income and expenditure showed a downward trend year by year. Party grants have become the main source of political funding for the LDP, which has long relied on political donations, and the Democratic Party, which has grown rapidly, while for the Komeito Party and the Communist Party, the main source of political funding is career income. At the same time, there is no direct relationship between the income of political funds and the number of seats of political parties in Parliament; political funds are one of the media linking different interest groups and political parties, even after the end of the LDP's long-term regime, this kind of media role still exists. To sum up, the basic conclusion of this paper is that only by standardizing and guiding political funds effectively, can the democratization process be promoted better. The development and reform of Japanese political fund system always lags behind the development and change of political party politics, which leads to the negative effect of political capital in political life. However, it is not possible to deny the media function of political funds in the distribution of social benefits completely and simply, because in the western democratic system, no better system can be found to replace this kind of system, which has many defects.
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D731.3

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