印度尼西亚民主化进程对其外交政策的影响

发布时间：2018-05-09 04:23

本文选题：印度尼西亚 + 民主化进程　；参考：《中共中央党校》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：印度尼西亚作为世界上最大的群岛国家，占据着太平洋与印度洋之间重要的海上交通要道，在地缘政治方面具有重要的战略价值；印尼是东南亚地区最大的国家，对东盟的发展以及东南亚地区的和平与稳定都具有重要影响。中国要建设和平的周边环境，发展与东盟国家的友好往来，处理好与美国、日本和印度等大国在东南亚地区的关系，就不得不重视与印尼的双边关系。因此，研究印尼的外交政策，尤其是研究民主改革时期的外交政策决策机制和外交政策内容的变化具有十分重要的现实意义。研究印尼民主改革时期外交政策的另一个动因就是探讨外交政策理论的适用性问题。国际关系理论起源于西方，并且到目前为止，，西方国际关系理论仍占据主导地位，这在外交政策理论研究方面同样如此。本文在借鉴微观外交政策理论研究视角的基础上，通过分析印尼民主改革时期国内因素对外交政策的影响，指出不同于西方成熟民主国家的外交政策分析理论，单一的官僚政治模式或组织过程模式都无法解释印尼外交政策发生的变化，而是要从印尼政治体制变化的角度出发，从威权政体向民主政体的转变是印尼外交政策变化的主要原因。与此同时，印尼发展过程中形成的世界观也是一个重要的影响因素。本文除去序言部分共有七章，以历史发展为主线，运用比较政治方法对民主改革时期影响印尼外交政策的因素进行了分析，并指出在这些因素的影响下印尼的外交政策走向。第一章主要介绍民主发展与对外政策理论。众多的外交政策分析理论可以分为两种，一种是从国际体系、国际环境等宏观角度入手，分析国家总体外交战略的制定和执行；另一种是从微观角度入手，强调对外交政策制定过程和决策机制的分析。民主对外交政策的影响属于微观角度分析，影响着国家的外交决策机制和外交政策内容。具体到印尼的外交政策，学者们所提出的“权力平衡”、“威胁平衡”等理论都不能很好地解释印尼当今的外交政策。所以，本文试图从民主与外交政策的关系入手分析印尼民主改革后的外交政策。第二章回顾了后苏哈托时期印尼民主改革的背景和内容。1997年亚洲经济危机不仅对印尼的经济发展带来严重冲击，也引发了一系列政治社会危机。人民公开表示对苏哈托政府的不满，要求进行政治经济改革。苏哈托最终在国内外压力下辞职，印尼从此开启民主化进程。印尼民主发展中最终要的成果就是对1945年宪法的修改，从1999年到2002年一共对宪法进行了四次修改。确立了印尼的两院制总统制，明确了分权制衡原则，加强了议会在外交领域的话语权；取消了军队的“双重职能”，取消了对政党的限制，人民可以自由组建政党，在符合条件的情况下参加选举；规定言论自由，允许公民社会的发展，并将人权等内容写进宪法。第三章从权力机构的角度分析印尼的民主化进程对其外交决策机制的影响。主要从三个方面进行阐述：民主政体下，总统的权力受到限制，一方面是受到行政机构内部限制，另一方面是受到立法机构的限制。在获取对外政策信息以及执行对外政策方面，总统依赖外交部；在国防领域，总统要咨询国防部的意见；在涉及到经济、金融领域则是经济部拥有很大话语权。同时，议会对外交政策的影响加大了，不再只是橡皮图章。人民代表会议第一委员会专门负责对外事物，有权干预任命驻外使节，有权批准国际条约，立法机关是对行政机关的主要制衡力量。军队被取消了“双重职能”，不再干预国家政治，也不再担任驻外大使等职位。第四章从公民社会的角度分析印尼的民主化进程对其外交决策机制的影响。印尼开始民主改革后，取消了对公民社会的限制，允许言论、结社自由。印尼公民社会发展的一个特点是具有伊斯兰性质，政治伊斯兰势力在印尼具有很大影响力。伊斯兰教师联合会和穆罕默迪亚这两个伊斯兰组织在印尼社会具有很大影响力，一部分穆斯林还通过组建政党或是极端的恐怖主义方式影响国家对伊斯兰国家的外交政策。当然，印尼的外交政策中也体现了温和穆斯林的宽容等价值观。第五章阐述了后苏哈托时期印尼民主化进程中所面临的挑战以及这些挑战对国家外交政策内容带来的影响。在经济危机中开始的民主改革除了要维护国内政治社会稳定外，还要将经济恢复与发展作为制定外交政策的重要考量之一；民主化进程提高了人民对人权等问题的关注，要求政府将民主与人权原则贯穿到对外政策之中；恐怖主义等非传统安全的威胁要求政府在加强与国际社会的反恐合作时，还要顾及国内穆斯林的情绪。利用印尼民主与伊斯兰并行不悖的性质充当西方国家与伊斯兰世界的桥梁。第六章主要从印尼世界观的角度分析民主化对印尼世界观所带来的变化，并由此进一步影响到外交政策。从独立之初的苏加诺政府到军事政变上台的苏哈托政府，再到后苏哈托时期的民主政府，印尼形成了以“潘查希拉”、“独立、自由、平等”的价值观以及“大国思想”的世界观，印尼的外交政策目标也从最初开展“独立、积极”外交以维护印尼的主权和领土安全，发展到以外交为工具充当世界桥梁，进而争取世界领导权。第七章在综合前几章分析的基础上，分析印尼在民主改革时期的外交政策走向，即开展“全方位”外交。东盟仍是印尼外交政策的基石，印尼今后会进一步促进东盟的一体化发展，促进东盟在民主人权领域的发展。同时，印尼还将积极利用双边多边关系拓宽外交舞台。而将民主原则和内容贯穿到对外政策之中提升了印尼的国际形象。随着印尼民主化进程的不断深入，其外交决策机制会越来越完善，在以“民主”为内容的同时进一步深化“全方位”外交。
[Abstract]:Indonesia, as the largest archipelago in the world, occupies an important maritime traffic route between the Pacific and the India ocean, and has an important strategic value in geopolitics. Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia. It has an important impact on the development of ASEAN and the peace and stability of Southeast Asia. Setting up a peaceful surrounding environment, developing friendly exchanges with ASEAN countries and dealing with the relations with the United States, Japan and India in Southeast Asia, we have to attach importance to the bilateral relations with Indonesia. Therefore, study the foreign policy of Indonesia, especially the changes in the foreign policy decision-making mechanism and foreign policy content of the democratic reform period. It has a very important practical significance.
Another reason for the study of the diplomatic policy during the period of democratic reform in Indonesia is to explore the applicability of the foreign policy theory. The theory of international relations originated in the west, and so far, western international relations theory still occupies the dominant position, which is also the same in the study of foreign policy theory. This article is a reference to the theory of micro foreign policy. On the basis of the research angle of view, through the analysis of the influence of the domestic foreign policy on the Indonesian democratic reform during the period of the Indonesian democratic reform, it points out that the foreign policy analysis theory, which is different from the western mature democratic countries, can not explain the changes of the Indonesian foreign policy, but the change of the Indonesian political system, but the change of the Indonesian political system. From the point of view, the change from the authoritarian regime to the democratic regime is the main reason for the changes in the Indonesian foreign policy. At the same time, the world outlook formed in the process of Indonesia's development is also an important factor.
In this paper, there are seven chapters in the preface, and the main line of historical development is to analyze the factors that affect the Indonesian foreign policy during the period of democratic reform by means of comparative political method, and point out the trend of the Indonesian foreign policy under the influence of these factors.
The first chapter mainly introduces the democratic development and the foreign policy theory. Many foreign policy analysis theories can be divided into two kinds. One is to analyze the formulation and implementation of the national overall diplomatic strategy from the macro perspective of the international system and the international environment. The other is from the micro point of view and emphasizes the process of making foreign policy and the decision-making mechanism. The influence of the Democratic diplomatic policy is microscopic analysis, affecting the state's diplomatic policy and foreign policy content. To the Indonesian foreign policy, the theory of "balance of power", "balance of threats" and other theories put forward by scholars can not explain the foreign policy of Indo. The relationship between the Lord and foreign policy starts with the analysis of the foreign policy after the democratic reform in Indonesia.
The second chapter reviews the background and content of the Indonesian democratic reform in the post Suharto period. The Asian economic crisis in.1997 not only brought serious impact on the economic development of Indonesia, but also led to a series of political and social crises. The people publicly expressed their dissatisfaction with the Suharto government and demanded political and economic reform. Suharto finally was under pressure both at home and abroad. The ultimate result of Indonesia's democratic development was the revision of the Constitution in 1945. From 1999 to 2002, the constitution was revised four times. The presidential system of the bicameral system was established, the principle of separation of powers was defined, the discourse power of the parliament in the field of diplomacy was strengthened, and the army was cancelled. "Double functions" abolish restrictions on political parties, the people can freely form political parties and participate in the election in accordance with the conditions that meet the conditions; the freedom of speech, the development of civil society, and the inclusion of human rights in the constitution.
The third chapter analyzes the influence of the process of Indonesian democratization on its diplomatic decision-making mechanism from the perspective of the authority, mainly from three aspects: under the democratic regime, the power of the president is restricted, on the one hand it is restricted by the internal administrative bodies, on the other hand, it is restricted by the legislature. In the field of foreign policy, the president depends on the Ministry of foreign affairs; in the field of national defense, the president should consult the Ministry of defense; in the context of the economy and the financial sector, the Ministry of economics has a great language right. At the same time, the influence of the foreign policy on the parliament has increased, not just a rubber stamp. The first committee of the people's Congress is responsible for foreign affairs. The right to intervene in the diplomatic envoy to the diplomatic envoy, the right to ratify the international treaty, the legislature is the main force on the balance of the administrative organs. The army has been abolished "dual functions", no longer interfere with the state politics, and no longer serve as an ambassador to the outside world.
The fourth chapter analyzes the influence of the process of Indonesian democratization on its diplomatic decision-making mechanism from the perspective of civil society. After the start of democratic reform, Indonesia has abolished restrictions on civil society, allowed speech and freedom of association. A characteristic of the social development of Indonesian civil society is the character of Islam, and the political Islamic forces have a great influence on Indonesia. The Islamic teachers' Federation and Muhamad Dia, the two Islamic organizations, have great influence in Indonesian society. Some Muslims have also influenced the country's foreign policy to Islamic countries by forming a political party or an extreme terrorist way. Of course, the Indonesian diplomatic policy also embodies the tolerance of moderate Muslims. Values.
The fifth chapter expounds the challenges facing the process of Indonesian democratization in the post Suharto period and the impact of these challenges on the content of the national foreign policy. In addition to maintaining domestic political and social stability in the economic crisis, the economic recovery and development should be considered as one of the important considerations for the formulation of foreign policy. The process of democratization has raised the people's attention to human rights and so on. It requires the government to penetrate the principles of democracy and human rights into foreign policies. The threat of non traditional security such as terrorism requires the government to take account of the feelings of domestic Muslims while strengthening counter-terrorism cooperation with the international community. The nature of it serves as a bridge between western countries and the Islamic world.
The sixth chapter mainly analyzes the changes brought by the Indonesian world view from the perspective of the Indonesian world view, and thus further affects the foreign policy. From the Sukarno administration of the early independence to the Suharto government of the military coup, and then to the democratic government of the post Suharto period, Indonesia formed "Panca Sheila", "independence, self". On the basis of the values of equality and the world view of "great power", the foreign policy goal of Indonesia is also to carry out "independent, positive" diplomacy in order to safeguard the sovereignty and territorial security of Indonesia, develop the world bridge with diplomacy as a tool, and then strive for world leadership.
The seventh chapter, on the basis of the analysis of the previous chapters, analyzes the trend of the foreign policy of Indonesia during the period of democratic reform, namely, the "all-round" diplomacy. ASEAN is still the cornerstone of the Indonesian foreign policy. In the future, Indonesia will further promote the integration and development of ASEAN and promote the development of ASEAN in the field of the rights of the people. Widening the diplomatic stage with bilateral multilateral relations and promoting the international image of Indonesia through the principles and contents of democracy and the foreign policy. With the deepening of the process of democratization in Indonesia, its diplomatic decision-making mechanism will become more and more perfect and further deepen the "omni-directional" diplomacy at the same time as "democracy" as the content.

【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D734.2;D834.2

【参考文献】