日本移民政策的困境—对外国非技术劳动力的需求与禁令

发布时间：2018-05-23 08:25

本文选题：日本 + 移民政策　；参考：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：第一章,包括对论文的选题背景、研究问题、方法论以及文献综述的介绍。本研究致力于探讨的问题是:虽然日本国内非技术劳动力的持续短缺称为经济发展的不断受挫的一个原因,但日本政府仍禁止国外非技术劳动力入境。由于日本政府非技术劳动力移民的限制政策,迫使生产部门选择不得不去实现生产过程机械化、合理化以及利用国内劳动力资源等方式来面对这一政策带来的问题。本文就上述问题进行深入研究。日本政府曾表示继续坚持对国外非技术劳动力移民的限制是出于对本国薪资遭到侵蚀的担忧。本研究不仅以用劳动经济学理论来检验这一论断为目的,同时还要表明还有其他的非经济因素影响了日本政府对非技术劳动力所抱有的封闭态度。本文以劳动经济学家安娜·玛丽亚·美达(Anna Maria Mayda)的《是谁在反对移民?对于移民的个人态度的跨国研究》一文中所用理论作为探讨日本非技术劳动力移民问题的主要理论基础。该理论指出经济和非经济是决定移民政策的分析面向,这一理论可以有效地解释人们对于国家层面移民产生不同态度的原因。第二章,概述了日本移民问题的历史态度和实践。日本是世界上少数不使用大量非技术劳动力的先进工业国家之一,这一现象的原因被归结为是国家要坚持种族的同质性,从而使本国人对于日本社会向国外非技术劳动力开放的问题产生了消极态度。然而,从历史上看,日本曾经有大批的国民移民海外,同时其接收了大量的海外移民。换言之,由于受到国内劳动力市场的限制,日本国民也曾一度离开国门,在海外寻找劳动机会(可能是非技术劳动力)。此外,在战争期间,随着日本男性不断被动员到战场,国外非技术劳动力也被引入日本补充短缺的劳动力,以确保日本经济的持续运转。这一事实说明,在面对战争期间非技术劳动力短缺的情况下,日本毫不犹豫地向国外非熟练劳动力敞开了大门,从而表明了政府对国外非技术劳动力对本国经济重要性以及提高经济活力的作用。然而,目前,日本社会面临着相似的劳动力短缺的情况下(虽然没有战争),日本政府却采取了更加严格的措施禁止非技术劳动力的引进。上世纪八十年代,在两次经济大繁荣之后,由于国内非熟练劳动力的供应,不足以满足国内经济发展的需要,日本面临着日益增长的全球移民的压力。随着大量为了寻求就业机会而前往日本的新移民的到来,日本政府发现保持开放的难度越来越大。所以,尽管劳动力严重短缺,日本政府也拒绝向非技术劳动力移民工作者打开国门。在1990年,日本政府修订了《移民管理和难民承认法》——有效地禁止了外国非技术劳动力在日本就业,同时也对协助国外非技术劳动力就业的雇主和代理人制定了严厉的处罚措施。从日本移民历史和实践情况来看,日本在鼓励本国公民移民海外和引入外国移民有着独特的经验。在面临不断增长的经济压力(战争和经济繁荣)时,日本积极引进国外非技术劳动力,同时在其国内劳动力市场饱和的状况下,日本期望外国接受日本移民。现实存在的问题与历史经验所显现出来的规律严重不符,因此对于日本现阶段的态度会发生如此剧烈的变化的原因值得进一步研究。本研究的下一个步骤是通过一个理论框架来探讨和解释尽管当前日本经济发展对非技术劳动力有明显的需求,但是仍旧禁止非技术移民的原因。第三章主要探讨了可以解释日本当前非技术劳动力移民限制的理论。本文的理论框架参考安娜·玛丽亚·美达于2006年8月首次发表在《经济学与统计学评论》上、标题为《是谁在反对移民?对于移民的个人态度的跨国研究》中提出的关于移民政策偏好的假设。美达把对待移民态度的影响因素分成两类:经济因素和非经济因素。对于经济因素,美达强调劳动力市场是影响当地民众对待移民问题态度的主要决定因素,特别是移民对当地的市场回报方面,即工资的影响。另外一个重要的经济决定因素则是移民对社会福利的影响。美达的研究进一步探讨了影响移民态度的非经济决定因素,着重强调了对安全问题的关注产生的影响,以及文化和国家的认同问题。安全问题主要涉及到当地居民普遍认为与当地居民相比,移民更有可能参与犯罪活动。另一方面,文化与国家认同问题通常与移民的固有的特质有关:来自不同文化、起源和民族的人混合在一起,往往会引起冲突。第四章,本文将前文所详述的理论应用到日本的具体案例中。该理论能够解释日本的实际情况。由于外籍非技术劳动力的增加会在一定程度上给日本本国国民工资的带来了影响。我认为,这是日本非熟练劳动力的经济影响。此外,日本社会持续地对移民抱有负面情绪,这种情绪主要集中在安全和文化问题上。首先,日本社会存在着非常强烈的民族主义,原因要归结于日本仍是一个文化同质的社会。这种同质化的环境可能会导致社会中的民众倾向于维护当地规范、传统和信仰体系的优先地位以及构成日本民族的理念。最显著的特点体现在确定国籍的血统主义原则上,父母中的一个或两个人都是日本公民才能取得日本国籍,而与之相对的出生地主义原则(出生权),则只要求出生在该国就可获得该国国籍。除此之外,日本媒体在移民问题上起到了一定的影响:日本媒体放大了日本移民的存在及其对犯罪活动的影响。大量日本民众认为,相较于本国居民,移民更有可能参与犯罪活动。结论部分首先揭示了外国非技术劳动力的增加与同样技术的日本本土劳动力的流失有着一定联系。其次,日本社会对移民的消极态度是由民族主义情绪、对安全和文化侵蚀的担忧以及媒体对外国人的报道所引发的。虽然这些研究结果解释了日本目前对移民问题的态度,但这种态度不利于日本的经济发展前景。最后,本文对如何采取更有益的政策提出了一些建议。
[Abstract]:The first chapter, including the background of topic selection, research questions, methodology and literature review, is devoted to the question: Although the continuing shortage of non technical labor in Japan is called a cause of economic development, the Japanese government still prohibits the entry of foreign non technical labor force. The restrictive policy of non technical labor migration has forced the production departments to choose to realize the mechanization of the production process, rationalization and the use of domestic labor resources to face the problems brought by this policy. This paper has carried out a deep study on the above issues. The Japanese government has said that it has continued to adhere to the migration of foreign non technical labor force. This study not only uses labor economics to test this argument, but also shows that there are other non economic factors that affect the closed attitude of the Japanese government to the unskilled labor force. This article is based on labor economist Anna Maria Meda. Anna Maria Mayda) "who is the main theoretical basis for discussing the problem of Japanese non technical labor migration in the transnational research against immigration and the personal attitude of immigrants? The theory points out that economic and non economic is the analysis of immigration policy, which can effectively explain people to the country." The second chapter outlines the historical attitude and practice of the Japanese immigration problem. Japan is one of the few advanced industrial countries that do not use a large number of unskilled labor in the world. The reason is that it is attributed to the country's insisting on the identity of race, thus making the native people to the country to the country. In the past, Japan had a large number of immigrants overseas and received a large number of overseas immigrants. In other words, because of the restrictions on the domestic labor market, Japanese nationals were once separated from the open door to find labor opportunities overseas (perhaps unskilled). In addition, during the war, as Japanese men were constantly mobilized to the battlefield, foreign unskilled labor was introduced to Japan to supplement the shortage of labor to ensure the sustained operation of the Japanese economy. This fact shows that Japan is unhesitantly to foreign countries in the face of the shortage of unskilled labor during the war. The government has taken more stringent measures to ban unskilled labor, however, when Japanese society faces a similar labor shortage (although there is no war). In 80s last century, after the two economic boom, Japan faced a growing pressure of global immigration because of the supply of unskilled labor in the country, which was not sufficient to meet the needs of domestic economic development. With the arrival of a large number of new immigrants to Japan for employment opportunities, the Japanese government found that it remained open. In 1990, the Japanese government revised the immigration management and refugee recognition law, which effectively banned foreign non skilled labor in Japan and helped foreign non technical labor force in 1990. From the history and practice of Japanese immigrants, Japan has a unique experience in encouraging its citizens to emigrate overseas and to introduce foreign immigrants. In the face of growing economic pressure (war and economic prosperity), Japan actively introduces foreign non technical labor force, while at the same time When the domestic labor market is saturated, Japan expects foreign acceptance of Japanese immigrants. The existing problems are seriously inconsistent with the laws shown by historical experience. Therefore, the reasons for such violent changes in the present stage of Japan are worth further studying. The next step of this study is to adopt a theory. The framework is used to discuss and explain the reasons why the current economic development of Japan has obvious demand for non technical labor, but it still prohibits non technical immigrants. The third chapter mainly discusses the theory that can explain the current restrictions on non technical labor migration in Japan. The theoretical framework of this paper is referred to Anna Maria Meda in August 2006 for the first time. Published in the review of economics and statistics, the title of "who is against immigration? A Cross-Country Study on the personal attitude of immigrants?" the hypothesis of immigration policy preference. Mada divides the influence factors of immigrant attitudes into two categories: Economic and non economic factors. For economic factors, Mada emphasizes the labor market. The main determinants of local people's attitude towards immigration, especially the impact of migrants on local market returns, namely, wages, and the other important economic determinants are the impact of immigrants on social welfare. The impact of security concerns and the issue of cultural and national identity. Security concerns mainly that local residents generally believe that migrants are more likely to participate in criminal activities than local residents. On the other hand, cultural and national identity issues are usually related to the inherent characteristics of immigrants: from different cultures, origins and nationalities. In the fourth chapter, this article applies the theory described in the previous article to the specific case of Japan. This theory can explain the actual situation in Japan. Because the increase of foreign non technical labor force will affect the national wages of Japan to a certain extent. I think this is unripe Japan. In addition to the economic impact of the labor force. In addition, Japanese society continues to have negative feelings about immigration, which is mainly focused on security and cultural issues. First, there is a very strong nationalism in Japanese society, due to the fact that Japan is still a cultural homogeneous society. This homogeneous environment may lead to society. The people tend to maintain the local norms, the priority of the tradition and the belief system and the concept of the Japanese nation. The most striking feature is that one or two of the parents of the parents are Japanese citizens in order to acquire Japanese nationality, and the relative birth doctrine principle (birth right). In addition, the Japanese media have had a certain impact on immigration: the Japanese media have amplified the existence of Japanese immigrants and their impact on criminal activities. A large number of Japanese people think that migrants are more likely to participate in criminal activities than their own residents. There is a link between the increase in foreign non-technical labour force and the loss of the same technology in Japan. Secondly, the negative attitude of Japanese society to immigration is caused by nationalist sentiment, concerns about security and cultural erosion, and the media's reports on foreigners. The attitude of immigrants is not conducive to Japan's economic development prospects. Finally, this paper puts forward some suggestions on how to adopt more beneficial policies.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D731.3

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