美国公共产品供给演进轨迹研究

发布时间：2018-06-15 23:19

本文选题：美国 + 公共产品　；参考：《辽宁大学》2008年博士论文

【摘要】： 美国公共产品供给经历了一个由市场供给到政府供给,再回到市场的演进历程。从经验上看,公共产品供给的主体包括政府、市场和个体自愿组成的公益组织。其中,政府和市场交替发挥着主导作用。那么,美国公共产品供给的演进为什么会经历政府、市场交替主导的发展历程呢?哪些因素促成了美国公共产品供给的演进轨迹?本文以美国公共产品供给的演进为研究对象,以其演进过程中的动力机制为逻辑主线,探讨了不同时期美国公共产品供给的实践经验、运作机制和绩效与问题。通过研究美国公共产品供给演进的规律,有助于厘清公共产品供给中政府和市场的作用,对当今全球性的以变革公共产品供给结构和方式为核心的政府改革提供有力的解释,从而为中国公共产品供给的变革提供有意义的借鉴。公共产品供给演进实际上就是各种供给主体关系的变迁。在美国社会发展的不同阶段,各主体在公共产品供给中的作用是不同的,由此形成了公共产品供给的演进轨迹。主体关系的变迁可以看作公共产品供给演进的外在表现,而经济、文化和社会等因素则构成了公共产品供给演进的内在动力机制。本文以美国公共产品供给演进为研究对象,重点进行了如下研究:(1)在借鉴前人研究成果的基础上,对公共产品的供给理论进行了系统的梳理和总结;(2)查阅美国的社会史和经济史的相关文献,为公共产品供给的演进轨迹寻找经验依据。(3)研究美国正在进行的政府改革,分析美国公共产品供给的现状。(4)提出了本文的研究视角,即公共产品供给函数,以此为线索探求美国公共产品供给演进的内在动力机制。全文由绪论、五章内容和结束语组成: 绪论首先阐述了本论文的研究背景和研究意义,然后对美国公共产品供给演进轨迹做了纵向概览。最后,在界定本文的主要概念的基础上简要说明了本文的结构安排。第一章关于公共产品供给的理论综述。本章第一节阐述了公共产品的政府供给理论。20世纪50年代以前的政治学和经济学的主流观点都坚持认为,提供公共产品是专属于政府的一项基本职能,满足社会公共需要的公共产品应该而且只能由政府来提供。第二节阐述了公共产品的市场供给理论。20世纪50年代以来,科斯、公共选择理论的代表人物布坎南等人深入探讨了市场对公共产品的提供。科斯以灯塔为例,对市场供给公共产品的有效性进行了经验分析。而公共选择理论则完全推翻了以往所认为的存在于政府和公共产品之间的对应关系,认为没有任何逻辑理由证明公共产品必须由政府官僚机构来提供,明确主张应尽可能地实现公共产品的市场提供。第三节论述了近年来公共产品供给理论的多元化发展。最后提出了本文的分析维度和分析工具,并对分析工具——公共产品的供给函数进行了详细解释。第二章探讨了罗斯福新政之前美国公共产品的供给。这一时期,由于受自由放任的思想和美国文化传统的影响,加上政府财力有限,美国公共产品的供给以市场提供为主,不仅准公共产品和福利性公共产品主要由私人部门或社会公益组织提供,甚至治安这一纯公共产品也有私人部门涉足。政府的作用是次要的,政府或者通过对私人公司赠予土地、提供贷款等方式间接供给基础设施类公共产品;或者直接提供少量的公立教育和社会救济。由于私人部门以营利为目的,缺乏政府监管的公共产品领域产生了部分公共产品供给不足、质量低下、腐败等诸多弊病。第三章阐述了罗斯福新政到20世纪70年代末美国公共产品的供给。这段时期的特点是政府供给公共产品大规模扩张。在工业革命带来的巨大生产力和社会变迁的推动下,受凯恩斯主义理论的影响,美国公共产品的供给规模和结构都发生了根本性的变化。政府不仅直接供给基础设施、教育、医疗等公共产品,而且建立了社会保障制度,为人们提供全面的保障和福利,大大扩张了公共产品的规模。政府直接供给公共产品,采用创办政府企业和公共事业、公共机构以及政府间协议等方式。政府供给公共产品的扩张,在改善人们生活的同时,也带来了财政危机、信任危机、社会经济发展动力衰退等一系列问题。第四章阐述了20世纪80年代以来的美国公共产品供给的市场化改革。20世纪70年代发生的“滞胀”和福利国家的财政危机,迫使美国自80年代开始对公共产品供给实行市场化改革。这一轮的市场化改革是以制度、经济和技术上的可行性为前提条件的,主要采用了合同承包、特许经营、凭单制和用者付费等方式。公共产品供给的市场化为政府减轻了压力,增加了消费者的选择权利,也提高了公共产品的供给绩效。但它也不是完美无缺的,腐败和对消费者利益的损害伴随着市场化的改革进程。第五章探讨了美国公共产品的志愿事业供给。志愿供给的主体有个人,也有组织,这一章阐述了美国公共产品志愿供给的理论基础、动力机制、实践经验及运作方式。美国的志愿供给模式历史久远、成熟规范,这既与美国发达的经济和宗教文化传统有关,也是政府政策促进的结果。志愿事业机制的运作方式包括无偿捐赠、志愿服务和收费服务。公共产品的志愿供给可以弥补政府和市场的不足,满足公众对公共产品的多样化需求,但也面临效果有限、商业化等问题。在结束语中,根据对美国公共产品供给演进轨迹的分析,提出了对中国公共产品改革有益的借鉴。
[Abstract]:The supply of public products in the United States has experienced an evolution from market supply to government supply and then to the market. From experience, the main body of the supply of public goods includes government, market and individual voluntary public welfare organizations. Among them, the government and the market play the leading role alternately. Then, why the evolution of the supply of public products in the United States What are the factors contributing to the evolution of the supply of public goods in the United States? This article takes the evolution of the supply of American public goods as the research object and the logic of the dynamic mechanism in the process of its evolution, and probes into the practical experience and operating mechanism of the supply of public products in the United States at different times. And performance and problems. Through the study of the law of the evolution of the supply of public goods in the United States, it will help to clarify the role of the government and the market in the supply of public goods, and provide a powerful explanation for the global reform of government reform, which is at the core of the supply structure and mode of the change of public products, so as to provide significance for the reform of the supply of public products in China. Draw lessons from.
The evolution of the supply of public goods is in fact the change of the relationship between the various supply bodies. In the different stages of the development of the United States, the role of the main bodies in the supply of public products is different, thus forming the evolution of the supply of public goods. The change of the relationship of the main body can be regarded as the external manifestation of the supply and evolution of the public products, and the economy, Cultural and social factors constitute the internal driving mechanism of the evolution of public goods supply.
This paper focuses on the research on the evolution of the supply of public goods in the United States as follows: (1) on the basis of the achievements of previous studies, the theory of the supply of public goods is systematically combed and summarized; (2) looking up the relevant literature of the social history and economic history of the United States, looking for the empirical basis for the evolution of the supply of public goods. (3) to study the ongoing government reform in the United States and analyze the present situation of the supply of public goods in the United States. (4) the research angle of this paper, that is, the supply function of public products, is used as a clue to explore the internal dynamic mechanism of the evolution of the supply of public goods in the United States.
The full text is composed of the introduction, the five chapters and the concluding words.
The introduction first expounds the research background and significance of this paper, and then makes a longitudinal overview of the evolution path of the supply of public goods in the United States. Finally, on the basis of defining the main concepts of this article, the structure of this article is briefly explained.
The first section of this chapter describes the theory of the supply of public goods. The first section of this chapter expounds the theory of government supply of public products in the mainstream of political science and economics before the 50s of.20. It is believed that the provision of public goods is a basic function of the government, and the public products that meet the needs of the community should and can only be provided. Provided by the government. The second section expounds the theory of market supply of public goods in the 50s.20 century, Kos, the representative of the public choice theory Buchanan and others deeply explored the supply of public products. Kos took the lighthouse as an example to analyze the effectiveness of the market supply of public products and the theory of public choice. There is no logical reason to prove that public products must be provided by the government bureaucracy, and that the market for public products should be provided as far as possible. The third section discusses the diversification of the theory of supply of public goods in recent years. Finally, it puts forward the analysis dimensions and analytical tools of this paper, and explains the supply function of public goods in detail.
The second chapter discusses the supply of American public goods before Roosevelt's new deal. This period, due to the influence of laissez faire thought and American cultural tradition, and the limited financial resources of the government, the supply of American public goods is mainly market supply, not only the quasi public products and the welfare public products are mainly from the private sector or the social public welfare group. It provides, even public security, the private sector involved. The role of the government is secondary. The government is either indirectly supplying public goods like infrastructure by giving land to the Private Companies, providing loans and other ways; or directly providing a small amount of public education and social relief. Because the private sector is for profit - making purposes The field of public goods supervised by the lack of government has caused many shortages such as insufficient supply of public goods, low quality, corruption and so on.
The third chapter expounds the supply of American public goods by the late Roosevelt's new deal to the end of the 1970s. This period is characterized by the large-scale expansion of the public products by the government. Under the impetus of the huge productivity and social changes brought by the industrial revolution, the supply scale and structure of the public products in the United States are affected by the influence of the Keynes theory. A fundamental change. The government not only supplies public products such as infrastructure, education, medical care and other public products, but also establishes a social security system to provide people with comprehensive security and welfare, greatly expanding the scale of public products. The government provides direct supply of public products, the establishment of government enterprises and public utilities, public institutions, and the government. The expansion of public products by the government, while improving people's life, has also brought about a series of problems, such as the financial crisis, the crisis of trust, the recession of the social and economic development and so on.
The fourth chapter expounds the market-oriented reform of the supply of public goods in the United States since 1980s. The "stagflation" and the financial crisis of the welfare state in the 70s of.20 century have forced the United States to carry out the market-oriented reform of the supply of public goods since 80s. The market reform of this round is based on the system, economic and technical feasibility. The precondition mainly adopts the contract contract, the franchise, the voucher system and the payee. The market of the public product supply reduces the pressure of the government, increases the consumer's right to choose, and improves the performance of the supply of public goods. But it is not perfect, corruption and the damage to the interests of the consumer are accompanied by the city. The process of the reform of the field.
The fifth chapter discusses the voluntary supply of American public goods. The main body of voluntary supply is individual and organization. This chapter expounds the theoretical basis, dynamic mechanism, practical experience and operation mode of the voluntary supply of public goods in the United States. The American voluntary supply model is long and mature, which is not only with the developed economy and religion of the United States. The cultural tradition is the result of the promotion of government policy. The operation of voluntary mechanism includes voluntary donation, voluntary service and charge service. The voluntary supply of public products can make up the shortage of the government and the market, meet the public demand for the diversification of public products, but also face the problems of Limited effect and commercialization.
In the concluding remarks, based on the analysis of the evolution of US public goods supply, this paper provides useful reference for China's public product reform.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D771.2

【引证文献】