马克思主义视阈内美国利益集团与行政机构政治互动研究

发布时间：2018-06-28 05:05

本文选题：马克思主义 + 利益集团　；参考：《河北师范大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：当今美国是一个政治多元化的社会，利益集团与行政机构之间的政治互动是美国政治生活的重要内容，对美国政治过程产生了深刻的影响。美国任何一项行政规章和部分立法规章的出台，都是利益集团与行政机构之间政治互动的结果。无论人们对院外活动、政治献金持何种态度，美国利益集团与行政机构的密切关系已经是不争的事实，已经是美国政治生活中的必要组成部分，而且关系模式已经趋向于固定化。依据辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义，对利益集团与行政机构的政治互动进行系统考察十分必要。美国的政治、经济、文化、社会等环境都是利益集团与行政机构政治互动的现实基础。美国的三权分立政体、开放的选举制度、政党体制等都需要美国利益集团与行政机构密切互动，以使美国政治生活能顺畅地进行；美国的资本主义经济制度也驱使二者合作，以实现各自利益；同样，美国的结社传统、自由和民主精神等是二者政治互动的促成因素。美国的政治、经济、文化和社会环境需要并适合利益集团的存在，同时也是利益集团与行政机构互动行为的生存土壤和前提条件。纵观美国历史和现实，二者政治互动行为是美国政治、经济、社会环境发展的必然产物。在当代美国社会，利益集团与行政机构经过长久政治互动，早已形成密切的关系，二者会以各种途径和方式互相影响。利益集团会想尽各种办法影响行政机构决策，而行政机构也积极地对利益集团进行反向游说，并在对集团监管过程中谋求利益。利益集团影响行政机构的方式与影响立法机构的方式不同。虽然利益集团在游说不同的机构时，总体目标是相同的——影响决策以为实现自身利益，但是，针对不同的机构，施加影响的方法会不同。利益集团对国会进行游说时，会使用发起基层运动、向政治行动委员会捐款等方式向国会施加压力，但是在对行政机构施加影响时，这些方法却不适用于游说行政机构。在影响行政机构时，利益集团必须更多地依靠他们获得的专门信息和与官僚人员建立的关系，通过各种途径、以各种形式影响行政决策制订。行政机构在被利益集团游说的同时，也为实现自身利益而进行游说。实际上，许多美国利益集团的行动处于政府的操纵之下。二十世纪以来，随着行政机构的权力不断扩大，总统和各行政机构积极且频繁地参与立法过程，经常是许多立法议案的发起者和游说者。行政监管机构也花费大量时间进行游说，也会与被监管集团联合起来，对国会进行游说。行政机构对利益集团的影响途径和方式，是我们考察二者政治互动的必要研究内容。利益集团与行政机构政治互动是资本主义生产方式的反映和表现。“政治是对经济的最集中的表现”。在资本主义制度存继期间，能够长期互动并建立密切关系的行政机构和利益集团均为资产阶级代表。因为既然二者能够结成长久的亲密同盟，必然有共同的根本利益。一方面，行政机构本身就是资本主义国家机器，为资本主义生产方式服务；另一方面，财富是利益集团活动的基础，因为没有金钱作为基础、实力不雄厚的利益集团想与行政机构建立密切关系十分困难。除少数公共利益集团外，大多数利益集团都是从狭隘的经济利益出发考虑问题。所以，能与行政机构建立密切联系、与其根本利益一致的利益集团也是资产阶级的代表。利益集团与行政机构政治互动的最终目的便是实现资产阶级的利益，巩固资产阶级的统治。利益集团与行政机构政治互动的实质是资产阶级内部的利益调整和分享。表面看来，行政公开透明，广泛听取民意，充分体现了民主精神；其实这只是少数人的民主，是资本主义民主。通常情况下，少数集团和大公司利用自己的财富和资源操控政府决策。而且，当公共利益集团与损害公共利益的集团在某些政策领域相持不下时，就会导致政策失灵和政府权威虚置。利益集团会通过政治捐款、行贿等方式拉拢官员，极易导致腐败，是侵害民主的毒瘤。美国利益集团与行政机构密切关系的建立是双向交流、互相影响的政治过程。利益集团与行政机构之间是相互依存、相互影响、相互作用的辨证统一的关系。二者之间建立关系是双向交流过程，而不仅是某一方对另一方的单向输出；二者之间建立密切关系是互相影响，而不是一方主动出击另一方被动接受的过程。因为，利益集团需要游说行政机构以影响政府政策，使决策有利于本集团利益；行政机构也会游说利益集团以得到其支持和帮助，比如提供专业知识、信息和技术，捐献给总统的政治献金等。对利益集团游说政府的行为我们习以为常，事实上，许多美国利益集团处于政府的操控之下。随着行政机构的权力不断扩大，总统和各行政部门积极且频繁地参与立法过程，经常是许多立法议案的发起者和游说者。通常当行政机构和国会的立场相左的时候，行政监管机构也花费大量时间进行游说，也会与被监管集团联合起来，对国会进行施压；总统对利益集团进行反向游说，希望得到利益集团的支持和捐赠；在必要或紧急的时候中，行政机构也需要游说利益集团，让其帮助处理一些事务。利益集团与行政机构之间的政治互动不是简单地“合作”，是既联合与协作、又竞争与争夺的的过程。既然是矛盾体的两个方面，则二者既有对立的一面，又有统一的一面。必然有互相争夺、竞争的一面；而当二者的利益一致或者互相需要的时候，就会联合起来为实现共同的利益而协作。美国9个独立行政管制委员的职责是监管和控制私营企业的活动。作为监管者和被监管者，二者之间必然会出现博弈甚至斗争的情形。而且，当利益集团认为监管机构侵犯其权益的时候，还会向法院提起诉讼，以维护自己的权利。所以，，美国利益集团与行政机构政治互动是既竞争又联合，既合作又博弈的过程。
[Abstract]:Today, the United States is a political pluralistic society. The political interaction between interest groups and administrative agencies is an important part of American political life. It has a profound influence on the political process of the United States. Any administrative rules and regulations in the United States are the result of the political interaction between the interest group and the administrative agencies. The close relationship between the American interest groups and the administrative institutions has been an indisputable fact, no matter what the people's attitude to outside activities and political contributions, the essential part of American political life, and the pattern of relations has tended to be fixed. Based on the dialectical materialism and historical materialism, the interest groups and the administrative machines are on the basis of dialectical materialism and historical materialism. It is necessary to investigate the political interaction in a systematic way.
The political, economic, cultural and social environment in the United States are the realistic basis for the political interaction between the interest groups and the administrative institutions. The American three powers, the open election system, the political party system, and so on, need the close interaction between the American interest groups and the administrative institutions so as to make the American political life smooth; the American capitalist economy. The system also drives the two parties to cooperate to achieve their own interests. Similarly, the American Association tradition, freedom and democratic spirit are the contributing factors to the political interaction of the two. The political, economic, cultural and social environment of the United States needs and is suitable for the existence of interest groups, and is also the soil and premise of the interaction between the interest groups and the administrative institutions. In terms of the history and reality of the United States, the two party's political interaction is the inevitable outcome of the development of American politics, economy and social environment.
In the contemporary American society, the interest groups and the administrative institutions have formed a close relationship after a long period of political interaction. The two will affect each other in various ways and ways. The interest groups will do all kinds of ways to influence the decision-making of the administrative agencies, and the administrative agencies are also actively lobbying on the interest groups and in the process of supervision of the group. The ways in which the interest groups affect the administrative institutions are different from the ways that the legislature affects the legislature. Although the interest groups have the same overall goal in lobbying different institutions - affecting the decision to realize their own interests, the methods of exerting influence on different institutions will be different. There will be pressure on Congress to use grass-roots campaigns and to contribute to the political action committee, but in the impact on the administration, these methods do not apply to lobby administrative bodies. In the impact of administrative agencies, interest groups must rely more on the special information they obtain and the relationship with bureaucrats. In various ways, it affects the formulation of administrative decisions in various forms. Administrative agencies lobbying for their own interests while lobbying by the interest groups. In fact, many American interest groups are under government manipulation. Since twentieth Century, the president and the administrative agencies have accumulated as the power of the administrative machinery expands. Participating in the legislative process extremely and frequently, often is the initiator and lobbyist of many legislative bills. The administrative regulatory agency also spends a lot of time lobbying. It will also be combined with the supervised groups to lobby the Congress. The ways and means of the influence of the administrative agencies on the interest groups are the necessary Research for our investigation of the political interaction between the two. Content.
The political interaction between the interest group and the administrative organization is the reflection and expression of the capitalist mode of production. "Politics is the most concentrated expression of the economy." during the preservation of the capitalist system, the executive and interest groups that can interact for a long time and establish a close relationship are all bourgeois representatives. Since the two can become permanent An intimate alliance must have a common fundamental interest. On the one hand, the administration itself is a capitalist state machine, serving the capitalist mode of production; on the other hand, wealth is the basis for the activities of the interest group, because it is difficult to establish a close relationship with the administrative organization without the foundation of money. In addition to a small number of public interest groups, most interest groups take into account the narrow economic interests. Therefore, it is possible to establish close ties with the administrative agencies. The interest groups that are consistent with their fundamental interests are also the representatives of the bourgeoisie. The ultimate aim of the political interaction between the interest groups and the administrative institutions is to realize the interests of the bourgeoisie. To consolidate the ruling of the bourgeoisie.
The essence of the political interaction between the interest group and the administrative organization is the adjustment and sharing of the interests within the bourgeoisie. On the surface, it appears that the administration is open and transparent, the public opinion is listened extensively and the democratic spirit is fully embodied; in fact, it is only a minority democracy and a capitalist democracy. In general, the minority groups and large companies use their own wealth and capital. The source controls the government's decision. Moreover, when the public interest groups and the groups that have damaged the public interest in some policy areas, it will lead to policy failure and government authority. The interest groups will pull officials through political donations and bribery, which can easily lead to corruption and a malignant tumor against democracy.
The establishment of the close relationship between the American interest group and the administrative organization is the political process of two-way communication and mutual influence. The relationship between the interest groups and the administrative agencies is the dialectical and unified relationship between the interdependence, the mutual influence and the interaction. The relationship between the two parties is a two-way communication process, not only one of the one side's one-way output to the other; two The establishment of a close relationship is a process of mutual influence rather than the passive acceptance of the other side by one party, because the interest groups need to lobby the administrative agencies to influence government policies and make decisions beneficial to the interests of the group; and the administration will also lobby interest groups to get their support and help, such as providing professional knowledge, information. And technology, donations to the president's political contribution, etc.. We are accustomed to lobbying the government by interest groups. In fact, many American interest groups are under the control of the government. As the power of the administration continues to expand, the president and the administrative departments are actively and frequently involved in the legislative process, often the initiation of many legislative bills. People and lobbyists. Often when the positions of the executive and Congress are different, the administrative regulators also spend a lot of time lobbying, and they are combined with the supervised groups to press Congress; the president lobbies the interest groups in reverse, hoping to get the support and donation of the interest groups; at the time of necessity or emergency. Administrative agencies also need to lobby interest groups to help deal with some matters.
The political interaction between the interest group and the administrative organization is not a simple "cooperation", it is a process of combination and cooperation, and competition and contention. Since it is the two aspect of the contradiction body, the two have both opposite and unified sides. There must be a contention and competition side, while the interests of the two are consistent or mutually necessary. The 9 independent administrative regulators in the United States are responsible for supervising and controlling private enterprise activities. As regulators and regulators, there is a game and even a struggle between the two, and when leii believes the regulatory agency infringes its rights, It will also bring a lawsuit to the court in order to safeguard its rights. Therefore, the political interaction between the American interest group and the administrative organization is a process of competition, cooperation and game.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D771.2;A811

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