希腊现代福利制度研究

发布时间：2018-06-28 05:51

本文选题：PASOK + 福利制度　；参考：《北京大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：本文主要讨论希腊现代福利制度与社会政治文化中庇护主义、民粹主义和父权主义等社会特征之间的关系及福利制度建设中希腊模式是如何形成和发展的。希腊福利制度起源于两战之间，在1980年代之后得到了快速发展。希腊福利制度的发展历程与泛希腊社会主义运动党（PASOK）有密切联系。从1980年代开始，PASOK逐渐成为希腊的主要政党，，并且是上个世纪80年代以来总执政时间最长的希腊政党。PASOK给希腊带来了民主社会主义理念，这也是推动希腊福利制度发展的最大推动力之一。在经历了1980年代的飞速发展之后，希腊福利制度过快发展的弊端开始逐渐显露。社会保障所占开支过大，而希腊在第二次石油危机中受自身产业结构的制约，经济增长较为缓慢，希腊财政难堪重负。同时，公平性和效率性的缺失也逐渐成为希腊福利制度发展的制约因素。进入1990年代后，为了促进希腊经济和社会发展，希腊政府把进一步向欧盟靠拢作为首要战略。为了满足《马斯特里赫特条约》的要求，顺利加入欧元区，希腊必须要保证财政健康，重组政府债务和改革福利制度势在必行。在希腊的福利制度改革中，以减轻财政压力为最根本出发点，对社会保障体系中愈发严重的不公正与保障效率低下问题并没有给予足够重视。希腊根深蒂固的庇护主义传统影响下，各种利益集团同政党政治结成共生体，影响了社会政策的公平性。而民粹主义和工团主义1980年代后的迅速发展推动各大工会逐渐成长为可以对社会政策产生重大影响的力量。社会碎片化和社会分裂动摇着达成一致意见的社会基础。因此，福利制度改革屡屡由于社会反对力量过大而遭遇失败。希腊引入了社会对话机制，缓解了紧张的社会对立局面，最终实现了加入欧元区的目标，但离根本上扭转福利体制中的庇护色彩、改善体制中公平与效率的系统性缺失的最终目标仍然很遥远，也为最终导致严重债务危机埋下了伏笔。本文主要考察的是希腊当代福利制度发展与改革同希腊社会政治文化特征的关系。在分析过程中，主要以以下几种社会和政治冲突为切入点：（1）社会不同阶层之间的冲突，议会内代表不同阶层利益的党派斗争；（2）渗入到公民社会深层的政党政治和庇护主义与理性主义的价值观冲突；（3）相同阶层内不同政治主张拥趸者的冲突；（4）公民社会不能够建立属于自己的价值和规则体系，而只能依附于政府和政党；（5）再分配制度不公正造成的受益者与受损者的冲突。在对希腊社会政策的分析中，本文采用了罗威的“力量竞技场”研究范式，通过对希腊1980年后到2004年前由PASOK主导的社会福利制度发展和改革中的重点社会政策按照其作用和性质进行分配类社会政策、再分配类社会政策和管制（监管）类社会政策等类别进行分类。通过对不同分类社会政策的不同作用的分析，来对希腊的具体社会政策进行分解和归纳，同时兼顾对政治经济环境的变化对希腊社会影响的分析。本文还将通过社会政策细分的方法来具体研究在各个政策领域中希腊福利制度发展的困局。从社会保障细分子项之间的关系来说，社会保障未能得到有效整合，就构不成社会安全网络。而缺少有效社会安全网络正是导致希腊财政投入与保障有效性不成正比的重要原因。希腊的政治发展、经济发展、社会发展，三者并不同步，这是造成很多现实问题的根源所在。随着经济和社会的发展，产业类型和就业结构也在发生变化，而希腊的社会保障碎片化的状况导致各个职业类别的保险基金发展水平参差不齐，在经济和社会基本环境发生变化的前提下，改革势在必行。但改革在希腊当时的社会氛围和社会文化中，难以凝聚社会共识，只能引发一次又一次的社会动荡，无法达成既定目标。希腊的政治、经济发展与社会发展始终无法协调，是福利制度建设中的最大问题。只有跳出利益固化陷阱，破开庇护主义网络，才能充分发掘出福利制度对社会经济发展的巨大推动作用潜力并切实保障每位公民的保障权利。
[Abstract]:This article mainly discusses the relationship between the Greek modern welfare system and the socio political culture, the asylum, the populism and the patriarchy, and how the Greek model is formed and developed in the construction of the welfare system.
The Greek welfare system originated between the two wars and developed rapidly after 1980s. The development of the Greek welfare system was closely linked with the PASOK. Since 1980s, PASOK gradually became the main political party of Greece, and was the longest ruling Greek administration since the 80s last century. The party.PASOK has brought the concept of democratic socialism to Greece, which is one of the biggest driving forces to promote the development of the Greek welfare system. After the rapid development of the 1980s, the disadvantages of the rapid development of the Greek welfare system began to reveal gradually. The social security was overspending, and Greece was produced by itself in the second oil crisis. With the restriction of the industrial structure, the economic growth was slow and the Greek finance was embarrassed. At the same time, the lack of fairness and efficiency became the constraints of the development of the Greek welfare system. In order to promote the economic and social development of Greece, the Greek government took the EU closer to the European Union as the primary strategy after 1990s. The request of the Treaty of tegregt entered the euro area smoothly. Greece must ensure its financial health. It is imperative to restructure the government debt and reform the welfare system.
In the reform of the Greek welfare system, to reduce the financial pressure as the most fundamental point of departure, it has not given enough attention to the more serious injustice and inefficiency in the social security system. Under the influence of the deep-rooted Greek tradition of asylum, the various interest groups have formed a symbiosis with the political party, affecting the social policy. And the rapid development of the populism and the masses' doctrine after the 1980s promoted the growth of trade unions as a force that had a significant impact on social policies. Social fragmentation and social fragmentation shook the social basis for consensus. Therefore, the reform of the welfare system was often lost because of the overpower of social opposition. Defeat. Greece introduced the social dialogue mechanism, alleviated the tension of social confrontation, finally realized the goal of joining the euro area, but fundamentally reversed the asylum in the welfare system, and the ultimate goal of improving the systematic lack of fairness and efficiency in the system was still far away, and was also buried in the final cause of the serious debt crisis.
This article mainly examines the relationship between the development and reform of the Greek contemporary welfare system and the social and political cultural characteristics of Greece. In the process of analysis, the following social and political conflicts are the main points: (1) the conflict between different social strata, the party struggle representing the interests of different classes in the parliament; (2) infiltrating into the civil society deep. The conflict between the political party politics of the layer and the values of the rationalism; (3) the conflict of the supporters of different political advocates in the same class; (4) the civil society can not establish its own value and rule system, but can only attach to the government and the political party; (5) the conflict between the beneficiaries and the damaged people caused by the unjust redistribution system.
In the analysis of the social policy of Greece, this paper adopts the research paradigm of row's "power arena", and distributes social policies and controls (supervision and regulation) through the role and nature of key social policies in the development and reform of social welfare system led by PASOK from 1980 to 2004 in Greece. Classification of social policies and other categories. Through the analysis of the different roles of different social policies, the specific social policies of Greece are decomposed and summed up, and the influence of political and economic environment on the social impact of Greece is also taken into account. This article will also study the policy through the method of social policy subdivision. The predicament of the development of the Greek welfare system in the field. From the relationship between the fine elements of social security, the failure of social security to be effectively integrated is not a social security network. The lack of an effective social security network is an important reason why Greece's financial input and the effectiveness of security are not directly proportional.
The political development, economic development and social development of Greece are not synchronized with the three. This is the root of many practical problems. With the development of economy and society, the type of industry and the structure of employment are changing, and the fragmentation of social security in Greece leads to the uneven development of insurance funds in various occupational categories. The reform is imperative under the premise of the change in the basic environment of economy and society. But it is difficult to condense the social consensus in the social atmosphere and social culture of Greece at that time. It can only lead to the social unrest once again and again. The political, economic and social development of Greece can not be coordinated, it is the welfare system. The biggest problem in construction. Only by jumping out of the trap of interest and breaking the network of asylum, can we fully discover the great potential of the welfare system to promote the social and economic development and ensure the protection of every citizen.
【学位授予单位】：北京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D754.5

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