英国宪政改革与苏格兰民族分离主义

发布时间：2018-08-07 15:54

【摘要】：民族分离主义运动自冷战结束后成为了遍布欧亚非北美等大洲的一个世界现象,其中包括发达和不发达国家,民主和非民主国家,它严重困扰着各国国家的统一和社会的稳定,这也使得民族分离主义成为现代世界不可回避的一个话题。作为欧洲地区由来已久的民族分离主义势力,苏格兰民族分离主义在冷战后的表现越发活跃,逐渐引起世界范围的注意。2014年由苏格兰民族分离主义势力引发的一场独立公投,犹如一块投入平静水面的巨石,激起欧洲地区民族分离主义运动的新波澜。西班牙的加泰罗尼亚分离势力受苏格兰公投影响而一度要求独立公投,西班牙境内的另外一支分离主义势力巴斯克民族分离主义虽然停止了暴力对抗,但也在尝试通过"和平"抗争寻求独立。比利时弗拉芒地区的民族分离主义势力也被苏格兰的独立公投鼓舞了士气,寻求在比利时的宪法和法律框架内获得和平独立。德国的巴伐利亚、法国的科西嘉岛以及意大利的撒丁岛等地的民族分离主义势力也都试图效仿苏格兰独立公投来继续推动独立运动,实现民族分离目标。苏格兰的民族分离主义发生在一个老牌的宪政民主国家,其体现出的非暴力,民主,以及地方与中央的良好互动和沟通的特点都使得苏格兰独立运动具有特殊性,而在探究推动苏格兰民族分离主义发展壮大并使整个演进过程得以和平演进的因素中,起到决定性作用的因素就是英国的宪政改革。英国大规模的宪政改革主要在布莱尔政府时期展开。20世纪70年代,苏格兰以及威尔士民族分离主义得到进一步发展,很大程度动摇了工党在这些地方的民意支持,成为促使工党关注宪政改革、转向分权化政策的重要原因之一。进入90年代,英国推行宪政改革的声势日渐浩大,工党政府在布莱尔的领导下推出了一系列激进的改革措施,苏格兰民族分离主义也在改革的大潮中发展壮大产生了深远的影响。本文希望通过对苏格兰民族分离主义这一特殊案例发生发展的梳理、分析,理清宪政体制与民族分离主义发展的内在逻辑,进一步丰富或者验证当前的民族主义理论,同时为研究宪政改革与民族分离主义的关系,以及了解影响民族分离主义运动的政治因素作用,提供一般性的认识。
[Abstract]:Since the end of the cold war, the national separatist movement has become a worldwide phenomenon spread throughout Eurasia, Africa, North America and other continents, including developed and underdeveloped countries, democratic and non-democratic countries, which have seriously troubled the unity of States and the stability of societies, This also makes national separatism become an unavoidable topic in the modern world. As a long-standing national separatist force in Europe, Scottish national separatism has become increasingly active after the Cold War and has gradually attracted worldwide attention. In 2014, Scotland's ethnic separatist forces triggered an independence referendum. Like a boulder in calm water, it stirred up a new wave of national separatist movements in Europe. Spain's Catalonia separatists were affected by the Scottish referendum and demanded a referendum on independence, while another separatist force in Spain, Basque National separatism, stopped violent confrontation. But attempts are also being made to seek independence through a "peaceful" struggle. National separatists in Belgium's Flemish region were also encouraged by Scotland's referendum on independence, seeking peaceful independence within Belgium's constitutional and legal framework. National separatists in Bavaria in Germany, Corsica in France and Sardinia in Italy are also trying to follow Scotland's referendum on independence to continue the movement and achieve the goal of national separation. The national separatism in Scotland took place in an old constitutional democracy, which embodied the characteristics of non-violence, democracy, and good interaction and communication between the local and the central government, all of which made the Scottish independence movement special. In exploring the factors that promote the development of Scottish national separatism and make the whole evolution process peaceful evolution, the decisive factor is the constitutional reform in Britain. Britain's massive constitutional reforms began during the Blair administration in the 1970s, with the further development of national separatism in Scotland and Wales, which to a large extent shook the Labour Party's popular support in these places. It has become one of the important reasons for the Labor Party to pay attention to constitutional reform and shift to decentralization policy. In the 1990s, the momentum of constitutional reform in Britain became increasingly great. Under Blair's leadership, the Labour Government launched a series of radical reform measures. Scottish national separatism has also had a profound impact on the tide of reform. This paper hopes to clarify the internal logic of the constitutional system and the development of national separatism by combing and analyzing the special case of Scottish national separatism, and further enriching or validating the current nationalism theory. At the same time, it provides a general understanding of the relationship between constitutional reform and national separatism, as well as the role of political factors affecting the movement of national separatism.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D756.1

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