中美应急管理体系与科技支撑的现况及比较研究
发布时间：2018-09-13 09:28
【摘要】：目的在比较中国与美国应急管理体系的基础上,调查分析广东省应急管理科技支撑体系的发展现况,借鉴美国的先进经验,根据我国国情,提出提升应急科技水平、完善我国应急管理体系的思路。 方法利用文献检索和现场调查收集资料与数据,后者包括走访广东省内外应急管理部门,以及对高校、研究机构的现场考察,专家座谈和问卷调查等方式；采用文献分析法、比较分析法和描述性流行病学分析等方法进行数据分析。 结果 1.美国应急管理体系经过200多年的建设,形成了全民参与的预防文化,应急预案体系较为完备,建立了以独立的应急职能机构一国土安全部为龙头的应急体制,具有“统一管理、属地为主、分级响应、标准运行”的应急机制,应急法制全面、具体、专门化和体系化。 2.中国应急管理体系起步于2003年,目前仍处于政府主导的反应文化阶段：应急预案体系初步形成,应急预案可操作性、链接性等方面正在逐步完善；应急体制以“行政长官负责制”为特色,多种形式的应急机构并存,应急管理办公室为办事机构；应急机制以“统一指挥、功能齐全、反应灵敏、运转高效”为目标,评估考核机制正在形成中；应急法制权威性有待加强,大多数地方性应急法规尚未出台。 3.广东省应急科技支撑现状(1)19个地级市中近半数已编制应急管理科技规划；(2)省政府和各应急管理机构均建立了各类专业人才库,成立了专家组；(3)受访的63家高等院校和科研单位中,65.08%(41家)拥有应急管理相关科研机构,从事事故灾难类相关研究的科研机构最多(33所)；(4)省应急平台初步建成,与19个地级市、18个应急委成员单位应急平台实现互联互通,部门的应急平台尚未能互联互通,信息不能共享；(5)省海洋渔业局开发了专业软件,珠海市、湛江市开展了相关应急研究；(6)63所高等院校和科研机构中,42家单位2005年以来承担应急管理相关研究课题586项,其中研究开发22项,推广应用17项,获取国家专利7项；其中科研经费在500万以上仅为39.5%；(7)34所高等院校和科研机构开展的应急活动以事故灾难类和公共卫生类较多。 结论 1.中国与美国的应急管理体系存在较大差异性。我国突发事件应急管理体系起步较晚,但已经初步形成了具有中国特色的应急管理体系,具有自身的优势,行政首长负责制的应急体制符合中国国情,社会动员能力是美国所遥不可及的；美国应急管理体系比较完善,在预防文化的建设、应急救援队伍的组建与培训以及应急科技支撑体系的建设等方面更具特色。我国应急管理体系目前仍然存在许多缺陷与不足,可以借鉴美国应急管理体系先进经验,逐步提高和完善。 2.广东省应急管理工作走在全国前列,形成“广东应急模式”。但是广东省应急科技支撑水平与其经济发展水平还不相适应,不能满足应对突发事件的需要。必须不断加强应急科技支撑体系的建设,不断提高应对突发事件的科技支撑水平,才能满足应急管理的现实需要。 3.通过中美应急管理体系比较,结合我国国情,应该主要从建立预防文化、组建“大部制”应急体制、科技应急、法制先行四个方面学习与借鉴美国的经验。 4.在学习与借鉴美国应急管理的成功做法和经验的同时,进一步发展我国应急管理体系的优势,推广适合我国国情的“广东应急模式”,逐步完善中国特色应急管理体系,使应急管理工作走向常态化、基层化、社会化、科学化、有序化。
[Abstract]:Objective On the basis of comparing the emergency management systems of China and the United States, this paper investigates and analyzes the development status of the scientific and technological support system for emergency management in Guangdong Province.
Methods Literature retrieval and field investigation were used to collect data and data, the latter included visiting emergency management departments inside and outside Guangdong Province, as well as on-the-spot investigation of universities and research institutions, expert discussion and questionnaire survey, etc. Literature analysis, comparative analysis and descriptive epidemiological analysis were used to analyze the data.
Result
1. After more than 200 years of construction, the emergency management system in the United States has formed a culture of prevention with the participation of the whole people. The emergency plan system is relatively complete, and an emergency system has been established with an independent emergency functional agency, the Department of Homeland Security, as the lead. It has a "unified management, territorial-based, graded response, standard operation" emergency mechanism and a comprehensive emergency legal system. Specifically, specialization and systematization.
2. China's emergency management system started in 2003, and is still in the stage of government-led response culture: the initial formation of the emergency plan system, the operability of the emergency plan, links and other aspects are gradually improving; the emergency system is characterized by "Chief Executive Responsibility System", a variety of forms of emergency agencies coexist, and the Emergency Management Office is Office; Emergency mechanism to "unified command, complete functions, responsive, efficient operation" as the goal, evaluation and assessment mechanism is in the process of formation; Emergency legal authority needs to be strengthened, most of the local emergency laws and regulations have not yet been issued.
3. The status quo of emergency science and technology support in Guangdong Province (1) Nearly half of the 19 prefecture-level cities have formulated emergency management science and technology planning; (2) The provincial government and various emergency management institutions have established various professional talent pools and established expert groups; (3) Of the 63 universities and research institutes interviewed, 65.08% (41) have emergency management-related scientific research institutions and are engaged in emergency management. Therefore, there are 33 scientific research institutes for disaster-related research; (4) Provincial emergency platform has been preliminarily built, and 19 prefecture-level cities, 18 emergency committee member units of the emergency platform to achieve interconnection and interoperability, the emergency platform has not yet been interconnected and interoperable departments, information can not be shared; (5) Provincial Marine Fisheries Bureau has developed professional software, Zhuhai, Zhanjiang launched a phase. (6) Of the 63 institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions, 42 have undertaken 586 emergency management-related research projects since 2005, of which 22 have been developed, 17 have been popularized and applied, and 7 have been granted national patents; of these, only 39.5% have received research funds of more than 5 million; (7) 34 institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions have carried out emergency activities to promote emergency management. There are more accident disasters and public health.
conclusion
1. Emergency management systems in China and the United States are quite different. Emergency management systems in China started late, but have initially formed an emergency management system with Chinese characteristics, which has its own advantages. The emergency management system of the Chief Executive Responsibility System is in line with China's national conditions, and the social mobilization capacity is beyond the reach of the United States. The emergency management system in the United States is relatively perfect, and has more characteristics in the construction of prevention culture, the formation and training of emergency rescue teams and the construction of emergency science and technology support system.
2. Guangdong Province's emergency management work is in the forefront of the whole country, forming the "Guangdong Emergency Model". However, the level of emergency science and technology support in Guangdong Province is not compatible with its economic development level and can not meet the needs of dealing with emergencies. Only in this way can we meet the realistic needs of emergency management.
3. By comparing the emergency management system between China and the United States, we should learn from the experience of the United States in four aspects: establishing a preventive culture, setting up a "large-scale" emergency system, scientific and technological emergency response, and legal precedence.
4. While learning and drawing lessons from the successful practices and experiences of American emergency management, we should further develop the advantages of our emergency management system, popularize the "Guangdong emergency mode" suitable for our national conditions, gradually improve the emergency management system with Chinese characteristics, and make the emergency management work normalized, grassroots, socialized, scientific and orderly.
【学位授予单位】：暨南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D630;D771.2
本文编号：2240759
[Abstract]:Objective On the basis of comparing the emergency management systems of China and the United States, this paper investigates and analyzes the development status of the scientific and technological support system for emergency management in Guangdong Province.
Methods Literature retrieval and field investigation were used to collect data and data, the latter included visiting emergency management departments inside and outside Guangdong Province, as well as on-the-spot investigation of universities and research institutions, expert discussion and questionnaire survey, etc. Literature analysis, comparative analysis and descriptive epidemiological analysis were used to analyze the data.
Result
1. After more than 200 years of construction, the emergency management system in the United States has formed a culture of prevention with the participation of the whole people. The emergency plan system is relatively complete, and an emergency system has been established with an independent emergency functional agency, the Department of Homeland Security, as the lead. It has a "unified management, territorial-based, graded response, standard operation" emergency mechanism and a comprehensive emergency legal system. Specifically, specialization and systematization.
2. China's emergency management system started in 2003, and is still in the stage of government-led response culture: the initial formation of the emergency plan system, the operability of the emergency plan, links and other aspects are gradually improving; the emergency system is characterized by "Chief Executive Responsibility System", a variety of forms of emergency agencies coexist, and the Emergency Management Office is Office; Emergency mechanism to "unified command, complete functions, responsive, efficient operation" as the goal, evaluation and assessment mechanism is in the process of formation; Emergency legal authority needs to be strengthened, most of the local emergency laws and regulations have not yet been issued.
3. The status quo of emergency science and technology support in Guangdong Province (1) Nearly half of the 19 prefecture-level cities have formulated emergency management science and technology planning; (2) The provincial government and various emergency management institutions have established various professional talent pools and established expert groups; (3) Of the 63 universities and research institutes interviewed, 65.08% (41) have emergency management-related scientific research institutions and are engaged in emergency management. Therefore, there are 33 scientific research institutes for disaster-related research; (4) Provincial emergency platform has been preliminarily built, and 19 prefecture-level cities, 18 emergency committee member units of the emergency platform to achieve interconnection and interoperability, the emergency platform has not yet been interconnected and interoperable departments, information can not be shared; (5) Provincial Marine Fisheries Bureau has developed professional software, Zhuhai, Zhanjiang launched a phase. (6) Of the 63 institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions, 42 have undertaken 586 emergency management-related research projects since 2005, of which 22 have been developed, 17 have been popularized and applied, and 7 have been granted national patents; of these, only 39.5% have received research funds of more than 5 million; (7) 34 institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutions have carried out emergency activities to promote emergency management. There are more accident disasters and public health.
conclusion
1. Emergency management systems in China and the United States are quite different. Emergency management systems in China started late, but have initially formed an emergency management system with Chinese characteristics, which has its own advantages. The emergency management system of the Chief Executive Responsibility System is in line with China's national conditions, and the social mobilization capacity is beyond the reach of the United States. The emergency management system in the United States is relatively perfect, and has more characteristics in the construction of prevention culture, the formation and training of emergency rescue teams and the construction of emergency science and technology support system.
2. Guangdong Province's emergency management work is in the forefront of the whole country, forming the "Guangdong Emergency Model". However, the level of emergency science and technology support in Guangdong Province is not compatible with its economic development level and can not meet the needs of dealing with emergencies. Only in this way can we meet the realistic needs of emergency management.
3. By comparing the emergency management system between China and the United States, we should learn from the experience of the United States in four aspects: establishing a preventive culture, setting up a "large-scale" emergency system, scientific and technological emergency response, and legal precedence.
4. While learning and drawing lessons from the successful practices and experiences of American emergency management, we should further develop the advantages of our emergency management system, popularize the "Guangdong emergency mode" suitable for our national conditions, gradually improve the emergency management system with Chinese characteristics, and make the emergency management work normalized, grassroots, socialized, scientific and orderly.
【学位授予单位】：暨南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D630;D771.2
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