从进攻到防御:里根时期美国核战略的演变及其影响论析

发布时间：2018-10-25 07:54

【摘要】：从20世纪60年代初到冷战结束,美苏两个超级大国一直处于"相互确保摧毁"的核均势中,这也是国际关系学界认为自古巴导弹危机后冷战整体上趋于缓和的原因。然而事实上,美国曾在此期间做出过重新确立自身核优势的一次努力,即从1980年到1983年制定并推行的一项极具进攻性的核战略——"抵消战略"。不过,该战略非但没有使美国达到威慑苏联的目的,反而使苏联陷入紧张,并导致美苏关系在80年代初急剧恶化。1983年底,北约在这一战略指导下进行的代号为"Able Archer 83"的核军事演习,更是险些使高度恐慌的苏联"先发制人",引爆美苏核战争。该事件成为冷战史上最具危险性的一个片段。此后,里根政府在短时间内迅速扭转了"抵消战略",回归到维持核均势的防御性轨道中,从而为80年代中后期美苏关系的缓和及冷战的和平终结奠定了基础。
[Abstract]:From the early 1960s to the end of the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union have been in a nuclear balance of "mutually assured destruction", which is also the reason why the international relations scholars believe that the Cold War has tended to ease since the Cuban missile crisis. In fact, however, during this period, the United States made an effort to re-establish its nuclear superiority, namely, a highly offensive nuclear strategy, the "offsetting strategy", developed and implemented from 1980 to 1983. Instead of deterring the Soviet Union, however, the strategy strained the Soviet Union and led to a sharp deterioration in US-Soviet relations in the early 1980s. Under the guidance of this strategy, NATO conducted a nuclear military exercise codenamed "Able Archer 83", which almost made the highly panicked Soviet Union "pre-emptive" and detonated the US-Soviet nuclear war. The incident became one of the most dangerous episodes in the history of the cold war. Since then, the Reagan administration quickly reversed the "offsetting strategy" and returned to the defensive track of maintaining the nuclear balance, thus laying the foundation for the relaxation of US-Soviet relations in the late 1980s and the peaceful end of the cold war.
【作者单位】：中国人民大学国际关系学院;
【基金】：2014年度国家留学基金资助项目(201406360094)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：D771.2

【相似文献】