美国政治的演化逻辑与内在悖论
发布时间：2019-02-09 13:11
【摘要】：自由主义是美国政治发展的思想源流与实践动力,其世界观强调个人主义—理性主义,方法论是基于实用主义哲学的改良主义。起初,自由主义以有限政府与市场经济为手段,致力于遏制政治权力扩张。然而这一观念走到极限,使得垄断资本在镀金时代凌驾于美国民主政治之上,最终引发经济社会危机。此后,实用主义式的改良主义对上述观念进行了修正,进而揭示出自由主义世界观和方法论间的一项悖论:前者将个人理性置于一切社会事物之上,后者却看到了其局限。结果是,自由主义在美国政治实践中衍生出了两种变体:民主党式变体即当代自由主义认为,经济权力扩张也会损害政治民主,改良的目标应为市场监管与经济平等;共和党式变体即新自由主义则宣称财产权是支配性的,政府无权干预经济。上述两种自由观念的张力推动美国政治形成了普遍主义与精英主义对立的二元结构、使之先后经历了以政党"对等合作"为特征的新政时代及以政党"对等极化"为特征的新镀金时代。基于此,作者认为,美国政治演化的动力在于古典自由主义与当代自由主义由反政治权力和反经济权力而来的观念张力与政治二元结构,其深层逻辑则在于自由主义世界观和方法论之间有着难以解决的悖论。"特朗普现象"就是这一悖论在新镀金时代终结时的产物。
[Abstract]:Liberalism is the ideological source and practical motive force of American political development, its world outlook emphasizes individualism-rationalism, and methodology is reformism based on pragmatism philosophy. At first, liberalism used limited government and market economy as a means to curb the expansion of political power. However, this idea reached the limit, which made monopoly capital superior to American democracy in the gilded age, and finally led to economic and social crisis. Since then, pragmatist reformism has revised the above ideas, thus revealing a paradox between the liberal worldview and methodology: the former puts personal rationality above all social things, but the latter sees its limitations. The result is that there are two variants of liberalism in American political practice: Democratic variant namely contemporary liberalism thinks that economic power expansion will also damage political democracy the goal of improvement should be market supervision and economic equality; The Republican variant, neoliberalism, claims that property rights are dominant and that the government has no right to intervene in the economy. The tension of the two concepts of freedom has led to the formation of a dualistic structure of universalism and elitism in American politics. It has experienced a new deal era characterized by "equal cooperation" of political parties and a new gold-plated era characterized by "equal polarization" of political parties. Based on this, the author holds that the motive force of American political evolution lies in the tension of ideas and political dualistic structure between classical liberalism and contemporary liberalism from anti-political power and anti-economic power. The deep logic lies in the insoluble paradox between the liberal world outlook and methodology. " The Trump phenomenon is the product of this paradox at the end of the new gilded era.
【作者单位】： 复旦大学美国研究中心;
【分类号】：D771.2
，
本文编号：2418997
[Abstract]:Liberalism is the ideological source and practical motive force of American political development, its world outlook emphasizes individualism-rationalism, and methodology is reformism based on pragmatism philosophy. At first, liberalism used limited government and market economy as a means to curb the expansion of political power. However, this idea reached the limit, which made monopoly capital superior to American democracy in the gilded age, and finally led to economic and social crisis. Since then, pragmatist reformism has revised the above ideas, thus revealing a paradox between the liberal worldview and methodology: the former puts personal rationality above all social things, but the latter sees its limitations. The result is that there are two variants of liberalism in American political practice: Democratic variant namely contemporary liberalism thinks that economic power expansion will also damage political democracy the goal of improvement should be market supervision and economic equality; The Republican variant, neoliberalism, claims that property rights are dominant and that the government has no right to intervene in the economy. The tension of the two concepts of freedom has led to the formation of a dualistic structure of universalism and elitism in American politics. It has experienced a new deal era characterized by "equal cooperation" of political parties and a new gold-plated era characterized by "equal polarization" of political parties. Based on this, the author holds that the motive force of American political evolution lies in the tension of ideas and political dualistic structure between classical liberalism and contemporary liberalism from anti-political power and anti-economic power. The deep logic lies in the insoluble paradox between the liberal world outlook and methodology. " The Trump phenomenon is the product of this paradox at the end of the new gilded era.
【作者单位】： 复旦大学美国研究中心;
【分类号】：D771.2
，
本文编号：2418997
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