美国现代化进程中的公民教育研究
发布时间：2019-02-13 01:27
【摘要】： 本文认为现代化是一个从传统社会向现代社会转变的过程,这一过程势必涉及到经济、政治、社会以及价值观念等领域的系统性变迁,尤其是涉及到国家制度体系和国家意识形态上的变迁。现代化的实践已经证明,国家建构是现代化的政治前提。离开了这个前提,现代化便无从下手。与现代化相伴生的现代国家具有双重特性:一是民族国家;二是民主国家。其中,现代国家的特性之维——民族国家的建构为现代化提供了必要的制度前提和强大的发展动力、以及稳定的秩序保障,现代国家的特性之维——民主国家的建构为现代化提供了合法的政治条件。民族国家指的是现代国家的组织形式,以主权为中心;民主国家指的是现代国家的制度体系,以主权在民为合法性基础,二者共同作用于现代国家建构之中。自现代化以来,由于现代国家已不再是一架纯粹的靠强力和武力决定自己的政治组织形式,而是一个人们相互交往以不断寻求相互理解和取得价值共识的动态持续的合法化构建过程。因此,在这个构建的过程中,国家建构离不开教育,尤其是离不开公民教育的形塑。因为,民族国家需要公民教育的社会整合功能以实现民族认同和国家的一体化建设,民主国家的建构则需要公民教育的民主化功能以实现民主观念的传播和公民参与的培育,进而推进国家的民主化进程。而且,公民教育的功能取向又往往因现代化进程中各国民族与民主建构特性的不同呈现出不同的表现。因此,本文认为从国家建构的维度,以国家建构为介质研究美国现代化与公民教育的关系问题就成为一个顺理成章的问题。 美国是个高度发达的现代化国家,也是一个民族国家与民主国家同步建构的国家。本文认为美国现代化的酝酿时期,既是其民族国家与民主国家同步建构的初创时期,也是公民教育被认为是形成民族特点、培养社会凝聚力、推动民主共和观念的发轫时期。现代化转变时期,是美国实现从农业社会向工业社会过渡的重要阶段,国家的秩序、稳定和一体化建设成为国家建构的主要任务。此时,公民教育的社会整合功能逐渐凸显并成为最突出的特征,公民教育被视为实现民族认同和国家统一的最有力工具。现代化成熟时期,伴随着美国城市化和工业化的快速迈进,美国公民的民主权利诉求得以上升,公民教育的民主化功能不断推进。同时,这段时间也是美国民族主义极端发展的时期,美西战争、一战、二战的接连发生使公民教育一度出现国家主义甚至军国主义的色彩。20世纪70年代以来,伴随着新保守主义的兴起,美国国家建构在注重自由和平等的同时加强了政府权威的维护,民族主义与爱国主义相互融合,相互促进。同时,为适应这一时期国家建构的需要,“积极的公民资格”应运而生,培养有知识、有思想、有责任和能参与的公民成为公民教育的奋斗目标。无论是强调公民对其所属政治社群的认同感和归属感的社群主义公民教育也好,还是倡导文化的多元性、承认文化之间的平等和相互影响的多元文化主义的公民教育也好,都相对注重了公民教育的社会整合功能和民主化功能的协调统一。 总之,从美国现代化进程中的国家建构与公民教育的关系来看,本文认为公民资格无疑成为美国现代国家建构与公民教育的关系维度,一方面公民资格体现了国家建构的内在要求,另一方面公民资格需要公民教育的形塑。而且,在现代化的进程中美国国家建构也会因不同时期现代化建设的不同要求而在其建构的两种维度——民族与民主之间表现不同的侧重。尽管在国家建构的过程中,美国始终称自己是民主立国的典范,往往忽视民族以及民族国家在其建构中的作用。然而,纵观美国现代化发展演变的历程,不难发现,从建国起其民族国家建构总体上在国家建构中具有绝对优势,而民主国家建构则具有相对优势。而且,其国家建构中两种维度的张力一直主导着公民教育的功能取向。公民教育的社会整合功能在其国家建构中具有绝对位置,而公民教育的民主化功能则在其国家建构中具有相对位置。公民教育的功能倾向往往因国家建构中两种维度的内部张力而一直受其制约和影响。
[Abstract]:This paper holds that modernization is a process from the traditional society to the modern society, which is bound to the systematic changes in the fields of economy, politics, society and value, especially the system of the state system and the change of the national ideology. The practice of modernization has proved that the construction of the country is the political premise of modernization. After leaving this premise, the modernization has not been done. The modern state associated with the modernization has the dual character: one is the national and the second is the democratic country. The construction of the dimension _ national state of the modern state provides the necessary system premises and strong development power, as well as the stable order guarantee, and the construction of the dimension _ democratic state of the characteristic of the modern state provides the legal political conditions for the modernization. The nation's state refers to the form of the organization of the modern state, with the sovereignty as the center; the democratic state refers to the system of the modern state, and based on the people as the basis of the legitimacy, the two act together in the construction of the modern state. Since the modernization, since the modern country is no longer a pure force and force to decide the form of its own political organization, it is a dynamic and continuous legalized construction process of people's interaction with each other to seek mutual understanding and achieve the value consensus. Therefore, in the course of this construction, the construction of the country can not be separated from the education, especially the shape of the civic education. Because, the nation state needs the social integration function of the civic education to realize the national identity and the nation's integration construction, the construction of the democratic country needs the democratic function of the civic education to realize the dissemination of the democratic idea and the cultivation of the citizen's participation, so as to advance the country's democratization process. Moreover, the function orientation of civic education is often different from the characteristics of national and democratic construction in the process of modernization. Therefore, the paper holds that the problem of the relationship between the modernization of the United States and the education of the citizens is the problem of the construction of the nation from the dimension of the construction of the nation and the construction of the nation as the medium. The United States is a highly developed and modern country, and it is also a national and democratic nation. This paper holds that the brewing time of the modernization of the United States is not only the start-up period of the synchronous construction of the national and the democratic countries, but also the development of the citizen's education is regarded as the formation of the national character, the development of the social cohesion and the promotion of the democratic republic. The period of modernization is the important stage of the transition from the agricultural society to the industrial society, and the order, stability and integration of the country become the main part of the nation's construction. At this time, the social integration function of civic education is becoming more and more prominent and becomes the most prominent feature, and the civic education is regarded as the most important to realize the national identity and the national unity In the modern and mature period, with the rapid development of the urbanization and industrialization of the United States, the demand of the democratic rights of the citizens of the United States is rising, and the democratic function of the civic education does not At the same time, this time is also the period of the extreme development of the American nationalism, the war of the United States, the World War I, the succession of the Second World War, which once had the color of nationalism and even militarism. Since the 1970s, the new conservatism was accompanied by neoconservatism. The rise of the state of the United States has strengthened the maintenance of the authority of the government while paying attention to freedom and equality, and the nationalism and the patriotism are fused with each other. At the same time, in order to adapt to the needs of the construction of the nation in this period, the 鈥減ositive citizenship鈥，
本文编号：2421028
[Abstract]:This paper holds that modernization is a process from the traditional society to the modern society, which is bound to the systematic changes in the fields of economy, politics, society and value, especially the system of the state system and the change of the national ideology. The practice of modernization has proved that the construction of the country is the political premise of modernization. After leaving this premise, the modernization has not been done. The modern state associated with the modernization has the dual character: one is the national and the second is the democratic country. The construction of the dimension _ national state of the modern state provides the necessary system premises and strong development power, as well as the stable order guarantee, and the construction of the dimension _ democratic state of the characteristic of the modern state provides the legal political conditions for the modernization. The nation's state refers to the form of the organization of the modern state, with the sovereignty as the center; the democratic state refers to the system of the modern state, and based on the people as the basis of the legitimacy, the two act together in the construction of the modern state. Since the modernization, since the modern country is no longer a pure force and force to decide the form of its own political organization, it is a dynamic and continuous legalized construction process of people's interaction with each other to seek mutual understanding and achieve the value consensus. Therefore, in the course of this construction, the construction of the country can not be separated from the education, especially the shape of the civic education. Because, the nation state needs the social integration function of the civic education to realize the national identity and the nation's integration construction, the construction of the democratic country needs the democratic function of the civic education to realize the dissemination of the democratic idea and the cultivation of the citizen's participation, so as to advance the country's democratization process. Moreover, the function orientation of civic education is often different from the characteristics of national and democratic construction in the process of modernization. Therefore, the paper holds that the problem of the relationship between the modernization of the United States and the education of the citizens is the problem of the construction of the nation from the dimension of the construction of the nation and the construction of the nation as the medium. The United States is a highly developed and modern country, and it is also a national and democratic nation. This paper holds that the brewing time of the modernization of the United States is not only the start-up period of the synchronous construction of the national and the democratic countries, but also the development of the citizen's education is regarded as the formation of the national character, the development of the social cohesion and the promotion of the democratic republic. The period of modernization is the important stage of the transition from the agricultural society to the industrial society, and the order, stability and integration of the country become the main part of the nation's construction. At this time, the social integration function of civic education is becoming more and more prominent and becomes the most prominent feature, and the civic education is regarded as the most important to realize the national identity and the national unity In the modern and mature period, with the rapid development of the urbanization and industrialization of the United States, the demand of the democratic rights of the citizens of the United States is rising, and the democratic function of the civic education does not At the same time, this time is also the period of the extreme development of the American nationalism, the war of the United States, the World War I, the succession of the Second World War, which once had the color of nationalism and even militarism. Since the 1970s, the new conservatism was accompanied by neoconservatism. The rise of the state of the United States has strengthened the maintenance of the authority of the government while paying attention to freedom and equality, and the nationalism and the patriotism are fused with each other. At the same time, in order to adapt to the needs of the construction of the nation in this period, the 鈥減ositive citizenship鈥，
本文编号：2421028
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