政治互动：利益集团与美国政府决策

发布时间：2019-05-24 20:29

【摘要】： 利益集团是指具有共同利益或目标的社会成员为了一定的目的而结成的影响政府政策的有组织的集团。它是有别于政党的公众参与和影响公共政策的一种特殊的组织形式。它既是美国“政治妥协”的产物，又是决定美国的“妥协政治”的背后原因。与西方其他国家相比，美利坚民族是个爱好结社的民族，美国是世界上利益集团数量最多的国家。在西方其他国家中，都有利益集团设法影响政府法律和政策的制定，但它们的地位和影响远不及美国的利益集团，这是美国政治的显著特征。要了解美国政治，不能只注意政府、政党和舆论，还要注意利益集团；要了解美国的内外政策，不能只注意政府的动向，还要注意有关利益集团的动向。本文的第一部分是对研究对象的分析。论文从认识美国的利益集团入手，首先考察美国利益集团的性质、利益集团与政党和与普通公众的关系、利益集团的兴起和发展、利益集团的种类。通过分析发现，在美国，人们对利益集团有不同的称谓，有“派别”、“压力集团”、“院外集团”等说法，但最能反映其本质的是“利益集团”这一称谓。利益集团是一种既不同于政党，也不同于普通公众的政治组织。利益集团在美国有很长的发展历史，在美国建国前就兴起和萌芽，建国后又经历过四次发展浪潮，其每一次大的发展都与重大的社会变革、重大历史事件的主题相关。利益集团的种类繁多，对其分类也各不相同，本文按其活动目的将美国利益集团分为经济类利益集团、社会政治权益类利益集团、公共利益集团和寻求其他目的的利益集团四大类。第二、三部分是本文的主体部分。这两部分主要是从宏观和微观相结合的层面分析利益集团与美国政府之间的互动关系。通过对利益集团与美国国会、利益集团与美国行政、利益集团与联邦最高法院之间的政治互动过程的重点考察后发现：利益的多元化迫使美国社会中的各种利益集团之间、部分利益集团与公共利益之间、所有利益集团与公共利益之间始终就各自利益的定义和定位进行着一种错综复杂、连续不断的妥协和谈判。利益集团为了左右政府决策，常常使用内部游说、影响选举、外部游说、提起诉讼等几种主要策略对国会、行政和法院施加影响。利益集团与政府、利益集团与美国国会议员和行政官员之间存在着彼此依赖和制约的关系，尤其是利益集团与国会之间的依赖程度更高，“集团需要国会，国会也需要集团”；既存在利益集团对国会和行政的正向游说，也存在国会和行政部门彼此之间以及通过利益集团对对方的反向游说；利益集团的院外活动与国会和行政部门的权力变化以及政府决策(国会和行政)与利益集团所关注利益(包括物质的和非物质的利益) ／迄回【飞讲士牢仁论义 V同田WI川（：l爪川山m以1，＼＊们的程度有着密切的关系，，20世纪30年代以前，国会是美国政治的权力中心，利益集团的院外活动主要集中在国会；20世纪30年代罗斯福“新政”以后，总统领导的行政部门成为美国政治的权力中心，随着行政机关中一些局、部、署和独立的制定规章制度的委员会数量和规模的扩大，利益集团在行政部门的院外活动也随之扩大，尤其是那些与利益集团的实际利益密切相关的行政部l’刁更成为院外活动者关注的焦点；出于议员大多是各选区所在的利益集团派驻国会的代表，议员与各自所代表的利益集团之间的关系，不仅密切并且公开；山于包括总统在内的订政官员是国家利益和全体公众利益的代表，虽然利益集团与行政官员之问的关系密切（存在所谓的“铁三角”和“旋转I刁”）但这种夫系往往是讳莫如深的；山十沏洗是公小的化身，法院与利益集团的关系相对疏远，法官一般不会卷入压力政治的派涡。利益集团的院外活动不可避兔地会产生种种弊端，如果听任其滥用宪法第一条修正案的权利，就会损害美国的公众利益，破坏美国的民主基石。为此，美国政府对利益集团（包括外国利益集团）的院外活动采取了不直接限制和禁止但要求公厂的管制办法，先后颁布了 1938年《外国代理人登记法》、1946年《联邦院外活dJ？k》、1995 年《院外活动公开法》等综合性法律和一些单行法规，对利益集团的院外活动既保障又规制。本文的第四部分是结论。这一部分分析了美国利益集团兴旺的原囚，比较了美国利益集团与西方其他国家利益集团的异同，并对美国利益集团的地位和作用进行了简要的评析。本文认为，在一定范围内人们利益的一致性和冲突性并存是利益集团存在的首要原因，美国社会的利益分化严重、贫富悬殊是利益集团产生的根本原因，美囚特殊的政治体制和政治传统为利益集团在美国的兴旺提供了宽松的政治和法律环境，政府有意识地对利益集团的鼓励和扶持也是美国利益集团兴旺的重要因素。利益集团作为美国政治过程中一支基本力量，其参与政治过程，有利于促进政府决策的科学和民主，有利于促进社会平衡和社会制约，有利于政治的沟通和利益的表达，也有利于缓解社会冲突、保持社会的长久稳定：利益集团的消极影响主要是容易导致政治的腐败，加剧社会的不平等，削弱政府的权威、导致政府效率低下，损害国家利益和公共利?
[Abstract]:An interest group is an organized group of members of society that have common interests or objectives that affect government policies for a given purpose. It is a special form of organization that is distinct from the public participation of political parties and the impact of public policies. It is not only the product of American "political compromise", but also the underlying cause of the "compromise politics" of the United States. The United States, as compared with other countries in the West, is a nation of interest and association, and the United States is the largest number of countries in the world. In other countries in the West, interest groups have managed to influence the formulation of government laws and policies, but their status and impact are far less than the interests of the United States, which is American politics is a significant feature. To understand the American politics, it is not only to pay attention to the government, political parties and public opinion, but also to the interest groups; to understand the internal and external policies of the United States, it is not only to pay attention to the movement of the government, but also to pay attention to Trends in interest groups. The first part of this paper is the analysis of the research object. The rise and development of interest group and the kind of interest group. Through the analysis and discovery, in the United States, there are different appellation of interest group, such as "factional", "pressure group", "out-of-court group" and so on, but the best reflection of its essence is" trunk> "inter. Interest group " This title. Interest groups are a kind of Unlike the political organization of the general public, the interest group has a long history of development in the United States, rising and sprouting in the United States before the founding of the United States, and experiencing four development waves after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Major social change is related to the subject of major historical events. There are a wide variety of interest groups, and the classification is different. This paper divides American interest groups into economic interest groups, social and political rights and interest groups and public interest groups according to the purpose of their activities. Interest groups and interest sets for other purposes The second part and the third part are the main part of this paper. The two parts are mainly from the following parts: The interaction between interest groups and the government of the United States is analyzed by the combination of macro-and micro-micro. After the focus of the political interaction between interest groups and the United States Congress, interest groups and the United States, interest groups and the Federal Supreme Court, it is found that the diversification of interests Between the interest groups of the American society, between some interest groups and the public interest, all interest groups and the public interest are always The definition and positioning of self-interest is a complex, continuous compromise and negotiation. Interest groups often use internal lobbying to influence the elections in order to make decisions about the right and left government. Some of the main strategies, such as lobbying and litigation, have exerted influence on the Congress, the executive and the courts. Interest groups and governments, interest groups and members of the United States Congress and administrative officials are dependent and constrained, especially between interest groups and the Congress, "The group needs Congestress, and Congress also needs the gr." "oup" ; there is a positive lobbying by interest groups on both the Congress and the Administration, as well the existence of a counter-lobbying by the Congress and the executive branch with each other and through interest groups on the other; the power changes of interest groups and the powers of the Congress and the executive branch, as well as government decision-making ( Congress and administration) and interest groups of interest (including material and non-material) (Interests) / Go back to[Fei Lester's Incheon In the same field, I have a close relationship with the level of 1 and 2 *. in the '0' Before, Congress is the power center of American politics, and the outside activities of the interests group are mainly In Congress; in the 1930s, the "New Deal" to After that, the executive branch, led by the President, became the power center of the United States, and with the line the number of committees, departments, offices and independent rules and regulations of the administration Expansion of volume and size, interest groups The administration's out-of-the-house activities have also spread Large, especially those that are closely related to the actual interests of interest groups, are more likely to be out-of-the-court The focus of attention; for the majority of the councillors, the members of the Congress, the representatives of the Congress, the cross-border between the members of the Parliament and the interest groups of their respective tables in particular, not only is it close and Public; the government officials, including the President, are the interests of the State and the general public The representative of the interests, although interest groups have a close relationship with the officials of the executive (present) predicate "iron triangle" and

But this kind of husband is often the deep one; the mountain 10 to wash and wash It's a small avatar, and the relationship between the court and interest groups is relatively alienated, and the judge is generally not involved in pressure. A political wing. The interest group's house is out of the house. There will be a variety of advantages and disadvantages in the moving of the non-rabbit end, if you're listening Any abuse of the right to the first amendment to the Constitution would undermine the public of the United States The interests of the public are the cornerstone of America's democracy. For that reason, the U.S. House-to-interest group The out-of-the-house activities of (including foreign interest groups) have taken the control office which is not directly restricted and prohibited, but requires the public works Law, enacted in 1938 Foreign Agent Registration Act,1946 in 1995 ,1995 et al. The law and a number of single-line regulations protect the interests of interest groups from out-of-the-court activities The fourth part of this article is the conclusion. This part analyses the U.S. a former row of interest groups, compared the interests of the United States and the rest of the West The similarities and differences between the interest groups and the status and role of the interests of the U.S. In this paper, it is considered that people's interest in a certain range Coexistence of consistency and conflict of conflict is a benefit set Mission-present
【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2002
【分类号】：D771.2

【引证文献】