国家安全指令:最为隐蔽的美国总统单边政策工具

发布时间：2019-05-31 15:56

【摘要】：在美国政治里,总统通常选择不同途径去推动自己的政策议程,包括单方面签署和颁布总统行政命令或指令。作为一个重要的单边行动工具,国家安全指令被认为是最为机密、最具有权势的美国总统指令,并在影响和规定美国对外及军事政策方面发挥着不可忽视的作用。国家安全指令不仅构成战后美国对外政策史的一部分,而且一些指令引发饱受争议的美国对外政策行动,给世界政治带来复杂的后果。由于使用上具有随意性、保密性和灵活性,国家安全指令成为战后美国总统绕开国会权力制约、经常使用却又最为隐蔽的行政密令。不仅美国国会和普通民众在大多数情况下并不知晓总统签署了这些指令,而且它妨碍了国会参与国家安全政策制定和实施政策监督的宪法权力,对美国联邦政治体制中有关权力分享及制衡的基本原则构成挑战。
[Abstract]:In American politics, presidents usually choose different ways to push forward their policy agenda, including unilaterally signing and issuing presidential executive orders or instructions. As an important tool of unilateral action, the national security instruction is considered to be the most confidential and powerful presidential instruction of the United States, and plays an important role in influencing and prescribing the foreign and military policies of the United States. National security instructions not only form part of the history of American foreign policy after the war, but also lead to controversial US foreign policy actions, which have complex consequences for world politics. Because of its arbitrariness, confidentiality and flexibility, the national security instruction has become the most covert administrative secret decree used by the president of the United States after the war. Not only is the United States Congress and the general public unaware, in most cases, that the President has signed these instructions, but it also hinders the constitutional power of Congress to participate in the formulation of national security policies and the implementation of policy oversight. It challenges the basic principles of power sharing and checks and balances in the federal political system of the United States.
【作者单位】：上海复旦大学美国研究中心;
【基金】：“教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地项目基金”(项目批准号:12JJD810014)资助
【分类号】：D771.2

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