Growth of Tourism Industry and Its Factors Affecting in Paki
发布时间：2024-04-13 19:18
本研究调查了 1980年至2016年期间,二氧化碳排放、经济增长、能源消耗、贸易开放和恐怖主义对巴基斯坦旅游业收入的影响。采用两个ARDL模型分析了这些因素对旅游业发展的短期和长期影响。结果验证了两个模型中旅游发展假设的存在性。模型1考察了二氧化碳排放、GDP、能源消费和贸易开放对旅游收入的影响。研究表明,旅游收入与其决定因素之间存在着较强的正长期关系。本研究进一步应用格兰杰因果检验,确定了二氧化碳、GDP、能源消费和贸易开放对旅游收入的单向因果关系。本研究也使用动态一般最小二乘(DOLS)技术来获得长期稳健估计。同时,本研究还采用了创新的会计方法,即方差分解和脉冲生产函数,从结果中得出的总体结论是,二氧化碳与经济增长、能源消耗、贸易开放程度和游客收入之间的双向因果关系被向量误差修正模型的格兰杰因果关系所证实。这意味着结果是稳健的。此外,脉冲响应分析的结果支持游客收入与贸易开放互为因果关系的格兰杰因果关系。总体结果表明,旅游收入、二氧化碳排放、能源消费和贸易开放是相互关联的。此外,本研究还发现,二氧化碳排放以及由此产生的能源消耗对旅游需求变化的反应,从长期来看是一种积极的、增长的力量。...
【文章页数】：188 页
【学位级别】：博士
【文章目录】：
DEDICATION
ABSTRACT
摘要
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 The Significance of the Study
1.6 The Scope of the Study
1.7 Organization of the Study
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Theoretical Literature
2.1.1 Tourism Develoment
2.1.2 Role of Tourism in Economic Growth
2.1.3 Carbon dioxide Emission (CO2)
2.1.4 Energy Consumption
2.1.5 Trade Openness
2.1.6 Terrorism
2.2 Empirical Literature
2.2.1 Tourism and Economic Growth
2.2.2 Tourism and CO2 Emission
2.2.3 Tourism and Energy Consumption
2.2.4 Tourism and Terrorism
2.2.5 Tourism and Trade Openness
2.3 Literature from Pakistan Perspective
2.4 Summary of Literature Review
2.5 Research Gap Identification
Chapter 3 TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN
3.1 Tourism in Pakistan
3.1.1 Religious Tourism
3.1.2 Historical and Archaeological Tourism
3.1.3 Ecotourism
3.1.4 Adventure Tourism
3.2 The Importance of the Tourism Industry for Pakistan's Economy
3.2.1 National Tourism in Pakistan
3.2.2 International Tourism in Pakistan
3.3 Pakistan Competitive Position in Tourism
3.4 International Ranking of Pakistan on Travel and Tourism Competitive Index
3.5 Challenges Faced by the Tourism Industry of Pakistan
3.5.1 Negative Image of Pakistan as Tourists destinations
3.5.2 Safety and Security
3.5.3 The absence of Private Sector Investment in Tourism Sector
3.5.4 Lack of Proper Promotion and Marketing
3.5.5 Tourism Infrastructure
3.5.6 Poor Human Resource Development
3.6 Terrorism in Pakistan
3.6.1 Decline of Foreign Direct Investment and Tourism in Pakistan
3.7 Conclusion
Chapter 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4.1 Research Approach and Design
4.2 Data Collection and Statistical Validity
4.3 Sources of Data Collection
4.4 Theoretical Framework
4.5 Econometric Modeling and Hypothesis of the Study
4.5.1 Model 1: To Investigate the Impact of CO2 emission, GDP per capita, Consumption ofEnergy and International Trade on Tourism Receipts in Pakistan
4.5.2 Model 2: To Investigate the Impact of Terrorism Intensity and GDP on TourismReceipts in Pakistan
4.6 Methodology to Achieve the Objectives
4.6.1 Unit Root Tests
4.6.2 Model Selection Criteria
4.6.3 Tests of Cointegration
4.6.4 Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) Model
4.6.5 Model Specification and Diagnostic Tests
Chapter 5 ESTIMATION, RESULTS,AND ANALYSIS
5.1 Objective One of the Study:To Investigate the Impact of CO2 emission, Economic GrowthEnergy Consumption, Trade Openness on Tourist Receipts in Pakistan
5.1.1 Unit Root Test (Objective 1)
5.1.2 ARDL General (Objective 1)
5.1.3 ARDL Cointegration Test (Objective 1)
5.1.4 ARDL Long-run Results (Objective 1)
5.1.5 ARDL short-run results (Objective 1)
5.1.6 Diagnostic Tests (Objective 1)
5.1.7 Ramsey's RESET Test Results (Objective 1)
5.1.8 CUSUM and CUSUMSQ Test Results (Objective 1)
5.2 Granger Causality (Objective 1)
5.3 Dynamic ordinary least squared (DOLS) model (Objective 1)
5.4 Innovative Accounting Approach
5.4.1 Variance Decomposition Approach
5.4.2 Impulse Response Analysis
5.5 Objective Two of the Study: To Investigate the Impact of Terrorism Intensity andEconomic Growth on Tourism Receipts in Pakistan
5.5.1 Unit Root Results (Objective 2)
5.5.2 ARDL Cointegration Test Results (Objective 2)
5.5.3 ARDL General (Objective 2)
5.5.4 The ARDL long-run results (Objective 2)
5.5.5 ARDL Short-run Results (Objective 2)
5.5.6 Diagnostic Test Results (Objective 2)
5.5.7 CUSUM and CUSUMSQ Tests Results (Objective 2)
5.6 Granger Causality Results
5.7 Summary of the Chapter
Chapter 6 SUGGESTIONS
6.1 Areas for Tourism Development in Pakistan
6.1.1 Development of Historical Sites
6.1.2 Development of Tourist's Destinations in Pakistan
6.2 Future Strategies for Tourism Development in Pakistan
6.2.1 Promoting Sustainable Growth
6.2.2 Tourism Infrastructure and Business Environment
6.3 Future Develoment Indicators
6.3.1 Technological Advancement
6.3.2 Heritage and Infrastructure Development
6.3.3 Marketing and Promotion of Tourist Destinations
6.4 Policy Formulation and Implementation
6.4.1 Upgradation of Standards of the Hotel Industry
6.4.2 Protection of Beaches
6.4.3 Encouragement of public-private collaboration
Chapter 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 Summary of the Study
7.2 Findings and Conclusions of the First Objective
7.3 Findings and Conclusions of the Second Objective
7.4 Contributions and Implications of the study
7.4.1 Contribution to Literature
7.4.2 Methodological Contribution
7.4.3 Theoretical Implications
7.4.4 Practical Implications
NOTES
References
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Research Papers
本文编号：3953500
【文章页数】：188 页
【学位级别】：博士
【文章目录】：
DEDICATION
ABSTRACT
摘要
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 The Significance of the Study
1.6 The Scope of the Study
1.7 Organization of the Study
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Theoretical Literature
2.1.1 Tourism Develoment
2.1.2 Role of Tourism in Economic Growth
2.1.3 Carbon dioxide Emission (CO2)
2.1.4 Energy Consumption
2.1.5 Trade Openness
2.1.6 Terrorism
2.2 Empirical Literature
2.2.1 Tourism and Economic Growth
2.2.2 Tourism and CO2 Emission
2.2.3 Tourism and Energy Consumption
2.2.4 Tourism and Terrorism
2.2.5 Tourism and Trade Openness
2.3 Literature from Pakistan Perspective
2.4 Summary of Literature Review
2.5 Research Gap Identification
Chapter 3 TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN
3.1 Tourism in Pakistan
3.1.1 Religious Tourism
3.1.2 Historical and Archaeological Tourism
3.1.3 Ecotourism
3.1.4 Adventure Tourism
3.2 The Importance of the Tourism Industry for Pakistan's Economy
3.2.1 National Tourism in Pakistan
3.2.2 International Tourism in Pakistan
3.3 Pakistan Competitive Position in Tourism
3.4 International Ranking of Pakistan on Travel and Tourism Competitive Index
3.5 Challenges Faced by the Tourism Industry of Pakistan
3.5.1 Negative Image of Pakistan as Tourists destinations
3.5.2 Safety and Security
3.5.3 The absence of Private Sector Investment in Tourism Sector
3.5.4 Lack of Proper Promotion and Marketing
3.5.5 Tourism Infrastructure
3.5.6 Poor Human Resource Development
3.6 Terrorism in Pakistan
3.6.1 Decline of Foreign Direct Investment and Tourism in Pakistan
3.7 Conclusion
Chapter 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4.1 Research Approach and Design
4.2 Data Collection and Statistical Validity
4.3 Sources of Data Collection
4.4 Theoretical Framework
4.5 Econometric Modeling and Hypothesis of the Study
4.5.1 Model 1: To Investigate the Impact of CO2 emission, GDP per capita, Consumption ofEnergy and International Trade on Tourism Receipts in Pakistan
4.5.2 Model 2: To Investigate the Impact of Terrorism Intensity and GDP on TourismReceipts in Pakistan
4.6 Methodology to Achieve the Objectives
4.6.1 Unit Root Tests
4.6.2 Model Selection Criteria
4.6.3 Tests of Cointegration
4.6.4 Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) Model
4.6.5 Model Specification and Diagnostic Tests
Chapter 5 ESTIMATION, RESULTS,AND ANALYSIS
5.1 Objective One of the Study:To Investigate the Impact of CO2 emission, Economic GrowthEnergy Consumption, Trade Openness on Tourist Receipts in Pakistan
5.1.1 Unit Root Test (Objective 1)
5.1.2 ARDL General (Objective 1)
5.1.3 ARDL Cointegration Test (Objective 1)
5.1.4 ARDL Long-run Results (Objective 1)
5.1.5 ARDL short-run results (Objective 1)
5.1.6 Diagnostic Tests (Objective 1)
5.1.7 Ramsey's RESET Test Results (Objective 1)
5.1.8 CUSUM and CUSUMSQ Test Results (Objective 1)
5.2 Granger Causality (Objective 1)
5.3 Dynamic ordinary least squared (DOLS) model (Objective 1)
5.4 Innovative Accounting Approach
5.4.1 Variance Decomposition Approach
5.4.2 Impulse Response Analysis
5.5 Objective Two of the Study: To Investigate the Impact of Terrorism Intensity andEconomic Growth on Tourism Receipts in Pakistan
5.5.1 Unit Root Results (Objective 2)
5.5.2 ARDL Cointegration Test Results (Objective 2)
5.5.3 ARDL General (Objective 2)
5.5.4 The ARDL long-run results (Objective 2)
5.5.5 ARDL Short-run Results (Objective 2)
5.5.6 Diagnostic Test Results (Objective 2)
5.5.7 CUSUM and CUSUMSQ Tests Results (Objective 2)
5.6 Granger Causality Results
5.7 Summary of the Chapter
Chapter 6 SUGGESTIONS
6.1 Areas for Tourism Development in Pakistan
6.1.1 Development of Historical Sites
6.1.2 Development of Tourist's Destinations in Pakistan
6.2 Future Strategies for Tourism Development in Pakistan
6.2.1 Promoting Sustainable Growth
6.2.2 Tourism Infrastructure and Business Environment
6.3 Future Develoment Indicators
6.3.1 Technological Advancement
6.3.2 Heritage and Infrastructure Development
6.3.3 Marketing and Promotion of Tourist Destinations
6.4 Policy Formulation and Implementation
6.4.1 Upgradation of Standards of the Hotel Industry
6.4.2 Protection of Beaches
6.4.3 Encouragement of public-private collaboration
Chapter 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 Summary of the Study
7.2 Findings and Conclusions of the First Objective
7.3 Findings and Conclusions of the Second Objective
7.4 Contributions and Implications of the study
7.4.1 Contribution to Literature
7.4.2 Methodological Contribution
7.4.3 Theoretical Implications
7.4.4 Practical Implications
NOTES
References
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Research Papers
本文编号：3953500
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