陶寺考古：技术的实证解析

发布时间：2018-02-04 15:47

本文关键词： 陶寺遗址史前技术实证解析　出处：《山西大学》2011年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：襄汾陶寺是黄河中游地区新石器时代末期的一处重要遗址。其位于汾河下游临汾盆地东部塔尔山山前丘陵地带,整个遗址背山面水,地势较高,水源充足,且在古代气候湿润,植被繁茂,黄土易于挖穴构屋,冬暖夏凉,十分利于原始先人定居生活,是理想的聚居之地。上世纪70年代末以来,通过考古工作者的不断努力,这里发现了王级大墓、面积达280万平方米的史前古城、具有天文观象功能的大型夯土台基、具有柱网结构的宫殿台基等重要遗迹。此外,还发现早期铜器、彩绘陶器、玉钺、玉璧、玉璜、玉兽面等具有礼器性质的玉器,彩绘漆木器、石磬等重要遗物。这些遗迹与遗物的发现,结合文献记载等,学界一般将其与唐尧部族相联系,陶寺遗址很可能就是传说中的“尧都平阳” 本文以技术史研究为目的,通过陶寺遗址考古发掘、陶寺遗址石制品调查、中条山矿冶遗址田野调查、吕梁山岢岚、宁武等地窑洞式居住址的考古发掘工作,新获取一批适合技术史研究的考古材料,包括石制品、夯土、居址白灰面、陶窑内窑汗以及烧流的陶片等,尤为重要的是,在陶寺遗址新获得一件铜制品——铜环,在中条山发现早于商代的采矿遗址并获得了一批早期采矿遗物——亚腰石锤、石阡等。在尽可能全面收集以往数据的基础上,用新的实验方法、新的实验仪器对新获取的考古材料进行实验室分析。通过这些实验,得到一批新的实验数据,再与以往的结论和数据进行比较分析,尽可能真实地反映当时的技术发展水平。在石器制造技术研究中,设计了一组模拟实验。根据以往的研究成果以及2008年陶寺遗址石制品调查的成果,先对当时人类可能采用的工具套以及操作链进行推测,再制造出相应的工具套,用这些工具按照推测的操作链在陶寺遗址采集的同类原料上进行模拟实验,详细记录了整个过程中石制品及副产品的变化,通过与考古遗址中发现的石制品进行对比分析,尝试对当时石器制作技术及生产模式进行复原研究。在制陶技术研究中,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪对陶寺遗址采集的91块陶片进行化学元素成分测试,根据测试结果,认为其制作各类陶器所用的塑性原料应是取自本地的红黏土。通过对已经发表陶器的痕迹分析,对当时陶器的成型工艺、修整工艺、装饰工艺等做了复原研究。通过对陶窑形制分析及窑内遗物烧成温度测试,还原了当时陶器的烧造环境。在治玉技术研究中,通过系列样本的科学分析,得知当时人随葬的玉、石器中仅有十分之一是透闪石真玉,来源可能是新疆等地,其他都是来自附近山中的大理石、蛇纹石之类的美石。通过对晋南地区陶寺、清凉寺、下靳三处墓地出土随葬玉石器表面痕迹的观察,推测当时的开料是以片切割为主,钻孔有实心钻与空心钻两种,而且玉器磨光之后极少使用其他装饰技法。在冶金技术研究中,通过对陶寺遗址出土四件铜器金属成分的分析,发现了史前最早的砷青铜合金。通过对齿轮形器及铜铃形态及痕迹的观察,结合夏县东下冯出土石范、偃师二里头遗址出土陶范的情况,对史前范铸工艺做了复原研究。在建筑技术研究中,通过对陶寺遗址出土各类建筑遗迹的分析,讨论了当时的建筑技术及建筑水平。陶寺先民对建筑史的贡献主要有白灰、石膏等建筑装饰材料的应用；水井的发明；陶板作为建材的使用；版筑技术应用于城墙、宫殿等大型夯土建筑当中。通过对当时石器、陶器、玉器、冶金及建筑技术的研究,总结出当时的几项重要的技术成就以及审曲面孰、利用则止的技术观。建立在技术研究的基础上,对当时社会的生产组织状况也做了一些探讨,分析由于掌握这些技术而给社会带来的种种变革,通过技术的发展情况来解释一些社会现象,并建立其因果关系的逻辑链条。通过对陶寺遗址古人技术发展状况的总结,分析出技术进步带来了深入的社会分工、贸易和产品交流的常态化,从而导致社会更加复杂化；技术进步使文字、天文历法、铜礼器、乐器、玉器等文明因素产生并推广,从而导致文明起源；技术进步使军队、城等国家机器和保卫设施产生,并产生了凌驾于一切的“王”,从而导致国家起源。
[Abstract]:Xiangfen county is an important stage of the Neolithic Age in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. It is located in the ruins of the Fenhe River Basin in eastern Linfen's Piedmont hills, the site of the mountains and water, the higher terrain, abundant water, and in the ancient humid climate, lush vegetation, loess is easy to dig cave house, very warm in winter and cool in summer, the original ancestors settled for life, is the ideal inhabited land.
The last century since the end of 70s, through continuous efforts of archaeologists found the tomb of king, here, the area of 2 million 800 thousand square meters of the prehistoric city, with astronomical observation function of large rammed earth platform, with column structure of the palace and other important platform sites. In addition, also found that early Bronze, pottery, jade Yue, jade the jade, jade huang, Shoumian has the nature of ritual jade, lacquer painting, like important relics. These monuments and relics discovered, combined with literature, scholars generally will contact with the tribe of Tang Yao, Taosi site probably is the legendary "Yaodu Pingyang"
Based on the study of the history of technology for the purpose of the Taosi archaeological excavations, relics of stone products in metallurgical site investigation, field investigation, Lvliang mountain cave, Ningwu Kelan, address the archaeological work, get a number of new technology for the study of the history of archaeological materials, including stone products, rammed earth, settlement baihuimian pottery kiln, kiln sweat and burning flow of pottery and other, is particularly important, in the new Taosi site won a copper - copper ring, as early as in the Shang Dynasty mining sites and won a number of early mining relics - waist hammer stone found in Shiqian Zhongtiaoshan.
A comprehensive collection of basic data of the past as much as possible, with the new experimental methods and experimental instruments for newly acquired new archaeological materials for laboratory analysis. Through these experiments, obtained a number of new experimental data, then compare with the previous data and conclusions, as far as possible to reflect the level of Technological Development at that time.
In the study of manufacturing technology of stone, design a set of simulation experiments. Based on previous research results and the 2008 Taosi stone products survey results, the first man was the set of tools and the operation of chain of speculation, and then create a corresponding set of tools, with these tools supposedly operation chain in Taosi site collection the similar material simulation experiment, a detailed record of changes in the whole process of stone products and by-products, through a comparative analysis of stone artifacts and archaeological site in the restoration of the stone was trying to production technology and production patterns.
In the study of pottery technology, 91 piece of pottery emission spectrometer acquisition of Taosi site by inductively coupled plasma chemical elements were tested according to the test results, that the production of various types of pottery plastic raw material should be taken from the local red clay. Through the analysis of published pottery traces of the forming process of time pottery decoration and trimming process, the research of restoration. Based on the analysis of pottery kiln and kiln relics in the shape of the firing temperature test, reducing the time of making pottery.
In the technology of jade, through a series of samples of scientific analysis shows that only 1/10 people buried jade, stone is tremolite, possibly from Xinjiang, and the other is from the nearby mountains of marble and serpentine. The cool of South Shanxi Taosi, under the temple. Three Jin cemetery unearthed burial jade surface traces of observation, speculate that the open material is a film cutting, drilling and drilling are solid hollow drill two, and rarely use other jade polished after the decoration technique.
In the study of metallurgical technology, through the analysis of unearthed four bronze metal components of Taosi, as the earliest prehistoric bronze alloy was found. Through the observation of gear shaped and bell shape and traces the combination of Xiaxian Dongxiafeng a rock fan, fan of the pottery unearthed in Yanshi Erlitou site of prehistoric casting. Do research on the restoration process.
In the study of the construction technology, through the analysis of all kinds of architectural relics unearthed relics, discusses the construction technology and construction. The level of contribution to the architectural history of the ancestors of the main application of lime, gypsum and other building decoration materials; wells invention; ceramic plate used as building materials; version built technology applied to the wall the palace, and other large rammed earth buildings.
By studying the stone implements, pottery, jade articles, metallurgy and building technology at that time, we summed up several important technical achievements at that time and the technical view of using them.
Based on the research on the production status of the society at that time also does some research and analysis as to master these techniques and a variety of change brings to the society, to explain some social phenomena through the development of technology, the logical chain and to establish a causal relationship. Based on the technology development status of the Taosi site summary, analysis of technological progress has brought a profound social division of labor, the normalization of exchange and trade, which leads to more complicated society; technological progress makes the text, astronomical calendar, bronze vessels, musical instruments, jade and other factors and the promotion of civilization, which leads to the origin of civilization; technological progress to produce military, city state machine and defense facilities, and have above all the "King", which leads to the origin of the state.

【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K872

【参考文献】