古汉字与古埃及圣书字表词方式的比较研究

发布时间：2018-03-03 00:11

本文选题：古汉字　切入点：古埃及圣书字　出处：《华东师范大学》2010年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 古汉字和古埃及圣书字都在人类文明早期独立地实现了完全记录语言的目标,成为成熟文字。成熟文字是通过完全记录语言中可独立运用的最小单位——词,来实现完全记录语言的目标的。成熟文字记录语言技术的核心就是表词技术,即“表词方式”。词有音和义两个方面,古汉字和古埃及圣书字等自源意音文字(还包括苏美尔文字、玛雅文字等)都运用了三种基本的表词方式：(1)从词义方面着手制造文字的表意方式；(2)从词音方面着手制造文字的表音方式；(3)从词义和词音两方面同时着手制造文字的意音结合方式。而这三种基本表词方式的基础是基本字符的制造技术,即基本字符的生成方式。本论文从基本字符生成方式、表意方式、表音方式、意音结合方式等四个方面,对古汉字和古埃及圣书字的表词方式进行了系统的比较,并在比较中注意考察了自源意音文字制造与人类认知心理、文明状况(自然环境、物质文化状况、精神文化状况)、语言特点之间的关系。一、基本字符生成方式的比较。基本字符的创制过程,可以分作两个环节,一是取象,二是符号化。古汉字和古埃及圣书字都通过“近取诸身,远取诸物”的方式进行字符取象,而且取象内容都贯彻了人本主义原则,对人体进行了大量取象。而同时,因为两个民族生活在不同的自然环境中,创造了不一样的物质文化和精神文化,所以两种文字基本字符的取象又存在明显的地域差异和社会文化差异。在基本字符的符号化方式上,两种文字存在很大差异。古汉字基本字符的符号化方式是写意的,圣书字基本字符的符号化方式是写实的。这主要与两种文字社会功能的差异以及两个民族艺术精神的差异有关。二、表意方式的比较。古汉字和古埃及圣书字中,表意方式都是文字系统的基础,它产生最早,具有直觉自然性,积淀着古老的历史文化。基于人类思维规律的共同性,两种文字都运用了所见即所得式、引申式、组合式和补充式等基本表意方式。相比之下,古汉字表意方式独立性强、在文字系统的地位比较稳固,而圣书字中表意方式独立性弱,有加阴性音符和提示符的现象。这主要与语言差异有关。两种文字基本字符引申式表意都通过范畴化、转喻和隐喻等基本方式来实现,然而引申方向又存在差异,表现出不同的心理内容。这是由不同的自然环境、不同物质文化和精神文化引起的。三、表音方式的比较。古汉字和古埃及圣书字都通过表音方式最终实现完整记录语言的目标。两种文字表音方式的实质都是“音借方式”,借表意字表音,使用“借音符”。两种文字的借音符的共同性质是：(一)借音符具有兼职性,(二)借音符与语音系统之间不存在对应关系和分配关系,(三)借音符的数量远远多于拼音文字字母,(四)借音符表音不完全准确。但古汉字与古埃及圣书字的音借方式是有差异的。古汉字使用整体性音借方式,而圣书字使用分析性音借方式。古汉字借音符的数量明显多于圣书字借音符的数量。古汉字借音符的构字量明显低于圣书字借音符的构字量。这主要与两种语言的差异有关。古汉语词汇一般都是统一的单音节结构,词法变化具有极强的熔合性。古埃及语词根辅音结构长短不一,词根和词缀具有易离析性。四、意音结合方式的比较。古汉字和古埃及圣书字都选择意音结合方式来优化意音文字系统,从而逐步成为以意音结构为主体的文字系统。两种文字意音结合方式的共性包括：(一)意音结合方式的产生稍晚于表音方式(音借方式),产生的真正动因是社会对文字记录精确性的要求,产生的文字内部基础是音借方式；(二)意音结合方式都有补音式、补意式和直拼式三种类型,其中直拼式生成能力最强；(三)意音结合方式都是以表音为主的,意音结构本质上是一种依靠义符标示的表音结构；(四)两种文字在通过意音结合方式进行系统优化后,都进入了表词方式完全成熟和稳定的自源意音文字高级阶段。两种文字意音结合方式的差异主要有两个方面。(一)古汉字中存在“变形式补音”现象,而圣书字中几乎见不到变形式补音。这主要是因为变形式补音多是在组合式表意结构上的改造,而圣书字中组合式表意非常少见。另外,圣书字基本字符写实性的符号化方式也使得字符清晰可辨,不易随意改造和更换。(二)古埃及圣书字中的意音结合方式常常会使用多个义符,而在古汉字中较为少见。这可能与汉字的方块结构不容许更多的附加成分有关。通过古汉字与古埃及圣书字的比较,我们从方法论角度提出了自源意音文字研究的四个视角——自源意音文字之“四观”,即语言观、心理观、社会文化观、技术观。通过“四观”看自源意音文字,有利于扩大我们的视野,提高我们对自源意音文字性质的认识,同时指导我们开辟一些有重要意义的新研究领域。
[Abstract]:Chinese characters and ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs in the early stage of human civilization independently to achieve a complete record of language, become mature mature text. Text by the smallest unit of complete record can be independently used in language, words, to achieve a complete record of language. The core mature written record language technology is the word technology, namely "the word" word. There are two aspects of pronunciation and meaning, Chinese characters and ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs from the source of logogram (including Sumerian texts, Maya text etc.) are applied in three basic ways: (1) the word meaning from the aspects of manufacturing ideographic text the way; (2) from the aspects of word making phonetic way; (3) also begun making the text meaning phonetic combination from two aspects of word meaning and tone. The three basic methods is based on the basic characters of the manufacturing technology, namely basic The way of character generation.
This paper from the basic character generation, ideographic, phonetic, meaning four aspects of tone combination, word of Chinese characters and ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs were compared, and in the comparison, investigates the source of logogram manufacturing and human cognitive psychology (natural conditions of civilization the environment, material culture, spiritual culture, the relationship between language features status).
A comparison of the method of creating basic characters. The creation of basic characters can be divided into two parts, one is taken as two, is symbolic. Chinese characters and ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs through nearly taken from the body, far from the objects "of character image, and image content are carrying out the humanistic principles of human body, a large number of images. At the same time, because the two people living in different natural environment, created material and spiritual culture is not the same, so the text of the two basic characters of the image and the existence of regional differences and social and cultural differences in. The basic characters of the symbolic way, there are great differences between two languages. The symbolic way of ancient Chinese characters the basic characters of the freehand, symbolic way the basic characters of the hieroglyphs is realistic. The main difference with the two characters of the social function and the two national art spirit The difference is related.
Two, compare the ideographic way. Chinese characters and ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the expression is the basis of a writing system, it produced the earliest, intuitive and natural, steeped in ancient history and culture. The common law of human thinking based on the two words are the use of what you see is what you get. Extended type, combination type and supplement type and other basic ideographic approach. In contrast, the expression of ancient Chinese characters strong independence, relatively stable in writing system status, and the holy book of words expression of independence is weak, with negative note and prompt phenomenon. This is mainly related to language differences. Two kinds of basic text characters extended type ideographic through categorization, metonymy and metaphor, the basic way to achieve, but the direction of extension and differences, showing different psychological content. This is different from the natural environment, different material culture and spiritual culture caused.
Three, compare the phonetic form. Chinese characters and ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs through phonetic ultimately complete record of language. The essence of two kinds of text phonetic approach are sound by the way ", borrow ideographic phonetic, using" borrow notes ". Two words of the note by common properties: (a) borrow notes with part-time, (two) there does not correspond to the relationship and the distribution relationship between notes and voice system, (three) by the number of notes rather than alphabetic letters, (four) by the phonetic notes is not entirely accurate. But Chinese characters and ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs are sound by the way the difference of whole tone. The ancient Chinese characters used by the way, the holy book of words. By the way of analysis of sound number of ancient Chinese characters than borrow notes. The notes by hieroglyphs forming characters of ancient Chinese characters borrow notes of the word structure was significantly lower than the holy book lend notes. Of the two The differences between languages. Ancient Chinese vocabulary is generally monosyllabic structure uniform, with a fused strong morphological changes. The ancient Egyptian language root consonant structure of different lengths, roots and affixes can be easily separated.
Four, meaning phonetic comparison. Combination of ancient Chinese characters and ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs were selected to optimize the combination of sound meaning phonetic writing system, which has gradually become a writing system intended to sound structure as the main body. Including two kinds of common patterns combined with text meaning: (a) ideosoundgraphic combination produced slightly later than the phonetic (sound way by the way), the real reason is social record accuracy of text, text is based on sound internal generated by the way; (two) combination has ideosoundgraphic Bu Yin, Italy and go straight up three types, including straight splicing type generating capacity of the strongest Italy; (three) sound combination methods are based on the phonetic based, meaning phonetic structure is essentially a symbol marked phonetic structure on; (four) two text by means of sound system optimization in combination, have entered the word completely mature and stable since the source sound The advanced stage of writing. Two kinds of text meaning sound combined with the difference in the way there are two main aspects. (a) "method sound" phenomenon of ancient Chinese characters, and the holy book of words almost did not see the method sound. This is mainly because the method is sound in the combined ideographic structure the changes, and the holy book of words combined ideographic is very rare. In addition, the symbolic way of hieroglyphs the basic characters of the realistic character also makes clear, is not easy to be arbitrarily modified and replaced. (two) the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs in the tone combination will often use more than one symbol, and is rare in ancient Chinese characters. This may be related to the block structure Chinese characters allow additional components more relevant.
By comparing Chinese characters and ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, we from the angle of methodology is put forward from four perspectives of source logogram research -- from the source of logogram of "four views", namely the concept of language, psychology, social culture, technology concept. Through the "four views" from the source. The word, to broaden our horizons, enhance our understanding of self source logographic nature, and guide us to open some important new areas of research.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：H121;K877

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