永乐宫三清殿壁画北极四圣考

发布时间：2018-03-30 12:19

本文选题：永乐宫　切入点：壁画　出处：《美术研究》2014年01期

【摘要】：永乐宫三清殿壁画中绘有北极四圣神yG,长期以来,四圣中的天蓬大元帅一直被误读为天猷副元帅。本文通过文献考察和图像对比的方法,对这一问题做出重新认证,最终确定,道教典籍尽管会对图像产生一定的影响,但并非其唯一来源,道教图像自有一套图像系统,该系统既隶属宗教信仰之中,又游离于某一具体道教典籍之外。道教徒所崇奉的北极四圣在其衍生过程中存在不断嬗变的现象,宋元时期的道教造像和绘画,四圣中的天蓬多以三头六臂或一头六臂出现,天猷则以三头四臂或两头四臂的形象示人。故此,六臂和四臂之别才是早期道教四圣真君中天蓬和天猷的关键体貌特征。明清时期,天蓬和天猷造型趋于简化,大多只能依靠榜题或其他一些细节加以区分。至于四圣中的真武和黑煞,多为玄衣披发、仗剑而立的形象,确定二者身份的最好方法是"相邻原则",即四圣真君中凡与天蓬相近的便是真武,与天猷相近的便系黑煞。这一原则在宋元道教石窟和壁画中,无论是四圣两两分组还是同列一壁,均为定制,似可指导后期的四圣图像辨识。
[Abstract]:The frescoes of the third Temple of Yongle Palace have painted YGs of the Arctic four Saints. For a long time, Grand Marshal Tianpong of the four Saints has been misinterpreted as Deputy Marshal Tianyu. This paper, by means of literature review and image comparison, makes a re-certification of this issue and finally determines it. Although Taoist classics have a certain influence on images, they are not the only source of them. Taoist images have a system of images, which belong to religious beliefs. Besides a specific Taoist book, the four Arctic Saints, which Taoists worship, are constantly evolving in their derivative process. In the Song and Yuan dynasties, Taoist statues and paintings, the Tianpeng in the four Saints appeared mostly in three heads and six arms or one end and six arms. Tianyu is shown in the image of three heads, four arms or two. Therefore, the difference between six arms and four arms is the key physical feature of the early Taoist four true monarchs. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the shapes of the Tian Peng and Tian you tended to be simplified. Most of them can only be distinguished by the title of the list or some other details. As for the images of the four saints, the real weapons and the black shrewls are mostly in the form of mysterious clothes and hair, and stand on the sword. The best way to determine the identity of the two is the "principle of contiguity", that is, those who are close to Tianpong in the four saints and true monarchs are the real weapons, and those who are close to the heavenly measures are black shakes. This principle is found in the Taoist grottoes and murals of the Song and Yuan dynasties. Whether it is a group of four sages or a wall of the same column, it is custom-made and may be used to guide the recognition of the four holy images in the later stage.
【作者单位】：中央美术学院造型艺术研究所;
【基金】：教育部人文社会科学研究项目基金资助,项目批准号:09YJC760055
【分类号】：K879.41

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