汉代“物勒工名”制度的考古学研究

发布时间：2018-03-31 22:20

本文选题：汉代　切入点：物勒工名　出处：《郑州大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： “物勒工名,以考其诚”,是中国古代国家管理手工业生产的一项重要制度,它以“物”为载体、“名”为媒介确立了生产者、监造者以及生产机构之间对产品的质量责任关系。从战国中期开始,列国普遍在器物上实施刻记制作者名字的勒名制度,为后世所传承沿用,尤其是在汉代这项制度的实施达到顶峰。 “物勒工名”制度是指将器物制造者、监造者、制造机构等的名字刻在器物上,以便政府考察工匠和官员的绩效,从而加强国家对手工业生产和产品质量的管理。勒名的方式以刻铭为主,还包括烙印、戳印、漆书、墨书等。考古发现的汉代器物上的文字,其内容大多与“物勒工名”有关,而汉长安城未央宫刻文骨签的大量出土,又为我们了解汉代的“物勒工名”制度和工官组织提供了不可或缺的宝贵资料。汉代“物勒工名”制度的实施对象主要是官营机构制作的器物,内容一般包括制作日期、生产机构、官员名、工匠名、数量、编号等,基本内涵是工官(生产机构)、工官官员、生产工匠。其勒名形式：一是工官(生产机构)+监造官员+主造官员+生产工匠；二是工官+官吏名或工官+工匠名；三是仅刻制造机构,工官或亭、市和市府；四是仅刻工匠名。随着勒名内容的变化,可以看出两汉时期的“物勒工名”制度大致经历了沿用“秦制”的西汉初年、正式形成的西汉前中期、繁荣稳定的西汉中后期至东汉前期以及衰退的东汉中后期等四个演化阶段。汉代“物勒工名”制度的演变与官营手工业生产机构——工官的发展变化密切相关。工官设立后,“物勒工名”制度逐渐形成,当工官经营地位达到顶峰时,“物勒工名”制度也达到繁荣期,当工官机构衰退时,“物勒工名”制度也跟着衰落下去。同时,通过对“物勒工名”的研究,也了解到汉代工官从中央到地方的层次结构和设置布局；工官组织内部生产分工合理,责任明确；工官产品的流通途径主要有商品贸易、政府调配、供进、赏赐和人员迁徙等。进而,认识到“物勒工名”制度的推行为汉代物质文化的繁荣提供了制度保障。
[Abstract]:It is an important system for the state to manage handicraft production in ancient China. It takes "thing" as the carrier and "name" as the medium to establish the producer. Since the mid-warring States period, the countries have generally implemented the system of engraving the name of the manufacturer on the objects, which has been passed down by later generations. Especially in the Han Dynasty, the implementation of this system reached its peak. The "object name" system refers to the use of the names of manufacturers, supervisors, manufacturing institutions, etc., to be engraved on the objects in order for the government to examine the performance of artisans and officials. Thus strengthening the state's management of handicraft production and the quality of products. The main way of making names is inscriptions, but also include imprints, stamp prints, lacquer books, ink books, etc. The contents of most of the characters on the artifacts of the Han Dynasty that have been discovered by archaeology are related mostly to the name of the object. And a large number of bones were unearthed from the inscriptions of the palace inscriptions in the Han City of Changan. It also provides us with indispensable and valuable information for us to understand the system and the official organizations of workers in the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, the implementation of the system was mainly aimed at the objects made by official organizations, and the contents generally included the date of production. Production organization, official name, craftsman name, quantity, number and so on, the basic connotation is worker official (production organization, worker official official, production craftsman). The second is the name of the official official or the name of the craftsman; the third is the name of the manufacturing institution, the official or pavilion, the city and the city; the fourth is the name of the craftsman. With the change of the content of Le Ming, it can be seen that the system of "Wuller name" in the Han Dynasty generally experienced the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, which followed the "Qin system", and the formal formation of the Western Han Dynasty before and during the middle period. The four evolution stages of the prosperous and stable Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty and the middle and late declining Eastern Han Dynasty are four stages. The evolution of the system of "the name of the workers" in the Han Dynasty is closely related to the development and change of the official handicraft production organization-the workers. After the establishment of the official, the system of "the name of the worker" gradually came into being. When the management status of the workers reached its peak, the system of "property strangling workers' names" also reached a prosperous period, and when the workers' organizations were declining, the "property control workers' names" system also declined. At the same time, through the study of the "property control workers' names", They also learned about the hierarchical structure and layout of the workers from the central to the local level in the Han Dynasty; the rational division of labor and clear responsibilities within the workers' organizations; and the main channels for the circulation of workers' products are commodity trade, government deployment, and supply for development. Furthermore, it is recognized that the implementation of the system of "the name of the worker" provided a system guarantee for the prosperity of the material culture in the Han Dynasty.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K875

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