国家考古遗址公园绿化的原则与方法研究

发布时间：2018-04-05 09:14

本文选题：考古遗址　切入点：遗址公园　出处：《西安建筑科技大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：国家考古遗址公园是一个较新的概念，是大遗址保护与展示的新模式，目前，该领域在国际上没有现成的理论和方法可以借鉴，国内也没有成熟的法律、法规或规范、条例予以指导，只有国家考古遗址公园评定细则与管理办法等相关文件；对其绿化原则与方法的研究尚属于新的课题，可以说，目前国内学术界对国家考古遗址公园绿化的研究尚属空白。国家考古遗址公园绿化的原则与方法的研究是对传统园林学、景观设计学及已有的绿化理论的挑战和补充，是对研究文化遗产保护及国家考古遗址公园相关理论的探索和完善。本文旨在通过广泛调研国内大型考古遗址和已建成的或立项的国家考古遗址公园的绿化现状的基础上，发现和总结绿化存在的问题，结合文化遗产保护、大遗址保护规划、文物保护单位保护规划、风景园林规划、城市绿化等相关理论和经验，研究和探讨适合我国考古遗址公园的绿化原则与方法，并通过若干实例对研究成果做相应的实践和论证。通过实地调研、案例研究等方法，分析并总结了目前我国考古遗址公园及大遗址绿化存在的问题，主要表现为：第一，遗址公园过分追求绿化数量和绿化质量，造成遗址绿化趋于林业化或园林化，忽略了文化遗产保护应遵守的完整性和原真性原则；第二，绿化片面追求景观效果和生态效益，忽略了遗址的历史属性和遗址环境氛围，造成遗址公园景观风貌趋于城市化和现代化，甚至是千篇一律的风格面貌；第三，对绿化植物本身对遗址本体及其环境的影响认识不足；树木的根系生长、外来引种植物的应用、植物时空变化的不确定性等因素对遗址的保护、展示及景观风貌营造上都有着不同程度的影响；第四，目前大遗址及遗址公园的绿化方法照搬城市绿化模式，缺乏适合遗址公园绿化的一套原则与方法。基于绿化与大遗址、绿化与国家考古遗址公园的关系的分析和探讨，分别从历史的绿化、现状的绿化和未来的绿化三个阶段提出绿化的总体指导性原则；即：对历史绿化的研究应遵循客观性、延续性原则；对现状绿化的评估应遵循遗址本体与遗址环境并重、生态安全第一并兼顾文化安全、重视历史格局与现状风貌的关系、现状问题的解决应权衡现有的技术条件等原则；未来绿化规划与设计应遵循真实性与完整性、最小干预、可持续的生态保护及功能多样化原则。遗址公园的绿化原则对于遗址公园绿化的研究、评估及规划与设计具有指导性、规范化、针对性特点。从历史绿化、现状绿化、未来绿化和绿化效果评价四个部分研究和论述遗址公园绿化相关的一系列方法。历史的绿化重在研究，旨在解决历史绿化哪些需要保护、哪些需要恢复以及哪些需要展示的问题。现状的绿化重在评估，旨在解决现状绿化哪些应该保留和哪些应该移除的问题。未来的绿化重在规划与设计，在参考历史绿化研究结果和现状绿化评估建议的基础上，从宏观、中观、微观三个层次研究绿化规划设计中的“性”、“境”、“景”三方面的问题，提出若干绿化思路、风格、树种选择方法、绿化形式与手法以及空间营造和种植设计等等。绿化效果评价方法的构建重在评价因子及权重的确定，本研究仅对国家考古遗址公园绿化效果评价方法进行了初探，建议出遗址公园绿化效果评价的15项评价因子，并通过两两比较的方法得出各因子的权重，然后采用打分的方法将定性评价结果量化，从而计算出遗址公园绿化效果的得分，最后将得分划分为四个等级，并对每个等级进行了阐释。基于前述绿化原则和方法的研究，又对若干国家考古遗址公园进行了绿化专题的研究和实践；其中，对大明宫国家遗址公园进行比较全面的研究，，包括绿化的历史与现状、绿化的原则与建议以及绿化效果的评价；对阳陵、秦始皇陵及阿房宫遗址公园的研究侧重于现状分析及整改建议。论文最后，对课题研究进行了总结，指出论文的几点结论以及存在的问题与不足，并对今后的研究进行展望与思考。
[Abstract]:The national archaeological site park is a new concept , which is a new model for the protection and display of large sites . At present , there are no existing theories and methods in the field , which can be used for reference , and there are no mature laws , regulations or norms and regulations in the country , and only the relevant documents such as the rules and management methods of national archaeological site parks are only adopted ;
The research on the greening principle and method of national archaeological site park is still blank . The research on the principle and method of greening in national archaeological site is the exploration and perfection of the relevant theories of traditional landscape science , landscape design and existing greening theory .

Through field investigation , case study and so on , this paper analyzes and summarizes the existing problems in the greening of archaeological site park and large site in China .
Second , the landscape effect and ecological benefit are pursued in the green sheet , the historical attribute of the site and the environment atmosphere of the site are neglected , and the landscape appearance of the site park tends to be urbanization and modernization , and even a uniform style face ;
Thirdly , it is not enough to know the influence of the green plant itself on the site body and its environment ;
The root growth of the trees , the application of exotic introduction plants , the uncertainty of the temporal and temporal changes of the plants have different degrees of influence on the preservation , display and landscape creation of the site ;
Fourth , the present large site and the greening method of the site park still carry on the urban greening mode , and lack a set of principles and methods suitable for the greening of the site park .

Based on the analysis and discussion of the relationship between the greening and the large site , the greening and the national archaeological site park , the general guiding principle of greening is put forward from three stages of greening , landscape greening and future greening , respectively .
That is , the research on historical greening should follow the principles of objectivity and continuity ;
The assessment of the status quo greening should follow the site body and the site environment and pay attention to the relationship between the historical pattern and the present situation , and the existing problems should be weighed against the existing technical conditions .
The future greening planning and design shall follow the principles of authenticity and integrity , minimum intervention , sustainable ecological protection and function diversification . The greening principles of the site park shall be instructive , standardized and tailored to the research , assessment and planning and design of the greening of the site park .

In this paper , the problems of landscape greening , landscape greening , future virescence and green effect evaluation are studied and discussed in this paper .

Based on the research of the greening principles and methods mentioned above , the research and practice on the greening of several national archaeological sites were carried out .
Among them , a comprehensive study is carried out on the National Park of the Ming Palace , including the history and status of greening , the principles and suggestions of greening and the evaluation of greening effect ;
The research on Yangling , Qin Shihuang and Fanggong Palace Park focuses on the present situation analysis and rectification suggestions . Finally , the paper summarizes the subject research , points out some conclusions and problems and shortcomings of the paper , and looks forward and thinking on the future research .

【学位授予单位】：西安建筑科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K878

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