汉碑所见功曹及其相关问题

发布时间：2018-04-13 18:31

本文选题：汉碑 + 功曹　；参考：《郑州大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：功曹虽秩仅百石,但在东汉守相自辟之属吏中地位最高,对汉代地方政权产生了深远的影响。从汉碑出发,对功曹及其相关问题进行研究,会加深对汉代地方属吏问题的认识,同时对汉代后期一些社会问题的研究也有着重要的意义。论文研究主要包括三个方面： 1、主要利用汉碑资料,并结合历史文献及简牍资料,对汉碑中出现的功曹及其有关的掾史进行考证辨析,完善对功曹问题的认识。通过汉碑资料的分析进一步佐证功曹是功曹史的简称；功曹与五官掾并非同职异称,而是两种不同的官职；郡县功曹有一定的区别等观点。 2、对“故功曹”、“功曹”出现次数较多的碑刻进行统计分析,并对“故功曹”多次出现的原因进行探析。郡县长官的频繁更换对地方属吏的任用是有一定影响的。在汉代中央任命的仅是郡县的长官,而官吏籍贯回避制度又得到严格的实行,官员往往是单车赴任,身单势孤的主官到任后必然要任用当地人为郡县属吏。如果一个长官经常迁转,那么他的属吏就会经常发生变动,属吏的人数也就会不断增多。其次,功曹在某些碑中多次出现也可能与属吏自身情况有关,如属吏自身的升迁以及告假、免等情况有关。事务与处理事务的官吏之间出现脱节,事务比较固定,但是负责其事的官吏较长时间离职无法视事,如宁、告、弹劾、未到官、免等情况,这就要求郡县长官再令找人代替或者暂时代理原来属吏的位置,处理日常事务。此外,也可能与汉代官吏的编制管理及当地政务繁忙等情况有关。官吏籍贯回避制度,使得地方州郡长官不得为本郡人,必须为外派人员。属员由长官自己在当地自行辟除,这就为功曹成为地方属吏中地位最高、职统内外提供了可能。豪族通过各种渠道出任郡县官吏僚佐,特别是出任功曹一职,控制掾属选用,使得国家的地方权力自郡县到乡里,在很大程度上被本地的豪族所占据,有些地区甚至出现被几家豪族世代把持的现象。 3、由汉碑中的“故功曹”,引起对汉代故吏问题的探讨。故吏与举主除了君臣关系外,也存在前任官属吏与现任主官之间的关系,这一点值得注意。门生故吏为举主立碑现象在东汉兴盛是有其特殊社会原因的,如东汉后期士人的政治斗争以及由于社会黑暗、吏治腐败等问题而产生的对廉洁政治的期待。
[Abstract]:Although the rank of Gong Cao was only 100 stone, it had the highest position among the officials of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which had a profound influence on the local political power in the Han Dynasty.Starting from the tablet of Han Dynasty, the study of Gong Cao and its related problems will deepen the understanding of the local subordinate officials in the Han Dynasty, and at the same time, it is of great significance to study some social problems in the later period of the Han Dynasty.The thesis mainly includes three aspects:1. Mainly using Han stele data, combining with historical documents and bamboo slips, this paper makes textual research and analysis on the history of merit and Cao in Han tablet, and consummates the understanding of the problem of merit and Cao.Through the analysis of Han stele data, it is further proved that Gong Cao is the abbreviation of Cao's history of merit; the two different official positions are not the same name, but two different official posts; there are some differences between them and so on.2. The author makes a statistical analysis of the inscriptions which appear more frequently, and probes into the causes of the frequent appearance of "the old Cao".The frequent change of prefectures and prefectures has a certain impact on the appointment of local officials.In the Han Dynasty, the central government appointed only the prefectural and county officials, and the local officials' avoidance system was strictly carried out. The officials often went to the post by bicycle, and the local people were bound to be appointed as prefectural and county officials after their arrival.If an officer moves frequently, his subordinates will often change, and the number of subordinates will increase.Secondly, the repeated appearance of Gong Cao in some tablets may also be related to the official's own situation, such as the promotion of the subordinate official's own promotion, the lawsuit against the false, the exemption and so on.There is a disconnection between the affairs and the officials dealing with the affairs, and the affairs are relatively fixed, but the officials in charge of the affairs leave for a longer period of time, such as peace, prosecution, impeachment, failure to come to the office, removal, and so on.This requires county governors to replace or temporarily represent the original official's position, handling daily affairs.In addition, it may also be related to the establishment and management of officials in the Han Dynasty and the busy local affairs.The local governor must not be a native officer, but must be an expatriate.The officers themselves were removed locally, which made it possible for kung Cao to become the highest official in the local government.Through various channels, the Haozu have served as assistants to county officials, especially in the position of Gong Cao, and control the selection of the puissants. As a result, the local power of the country has to a large extent been occupied by the local people from prefectures and counties to the countryside.In some areas, it has even been dominated by several luxury tribes for generations.3. The problem of the late officials in the Han Dynasty was discussed by the "old work and Cao" in the Han tablet.Therefore, besides the relation between monarch and minister, there also exists the relationship between the former official and the incumbent, which is worthy of attention.There are some special social reasons for the phenomenon that the former officials of the college students set up steles as the chief official in the Eastern Han Dynasty, such as the political struggle of the scholars in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the expectation of the clean politics arising from the problems of the social darkness and the corruption of the officials.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K877.42;K234.2

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