东周时期葬用马车研究

发布时间：2018-04-17 19:36

本文选题：东周 + 葬用马车　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：葬用独弨马车是先秦时期贵族身份的代表。由于文化、用途不同,马车有不同的工艺装饰,墓葬中的马车和鼎簋一样,具有标志贵族身份等级的作用。目前经考古发掘的东周车马坑已超过150座,车舆形态基本完整的有100多辆。这些车马坑或墓葬中的马车类型是当时丧葬礼制的重要体现,也在一定程度上代表了东周时期的生活用车。已经发现的东周马车分布广泛,从各国马车形态总体来看,相同成分较多,而差异也是存在的。先秦马车研究涉及的范围已经很广,学术界从不同角度的研究有车制的研究、车马器饰的类型学分析和分期断代、车马埋葬(殉葬)制度、车马祭祀,车马赙赠、马车与战争、马车的起源问题、与古文献、古文字结合的相关研究等。作为物质形态的研究和宏观的车制研究都在逐步深入。本文试图整理东周时期出土的车马资料,在文献学基础上对其进行分型,进而作分期、分区以及马车器用制度研究。归根到底,马车不同于一般礼器,它是一个综合了多种复杂因素的生活用器,因而在讨论墓葬中的马车时,尽可能从复原其使用时的原貌出发。第一部分,综述东周马车的发现情况,对从文献和从考古角度出发的马车类型研究现状进行了评析；说明本文的研究意义、目的、研究方法和研究对象。第二部分,对传世文献中所见马车种类进行梳理。第一节,梳理了历史文献记载的马车类别、定名、与马车相关的礼仪、马车使用、马车制造、马车形制、马车的发明情况。第二节,对文献中马车类别的划分标准进行了讨论,文献中对现实生活中用车的情景描述较多,对丧葬用车的形制、车类较少涉及,本文使用相关资料时与葬用马车进行了区分。第三部分,关于出土文献所表现的马车类别。第一节,对金文中的车马器、金车、驹车进行讨论；第二节,梳理竹简、秦石鼓文中马车类别；第三节,认识东周时期铜器、岩画、漆器上的马车形象,古文字以及图象材料对于我们认识或更真实地理解商周时期的用车有着重要启发。第四部分,综合多种因素对东周马车进行类型学分析,并在此基础上分期。探讨各期马车的特征。东周马车可以分为三期。第一期：春秋早、中期第二期：春秋晚期到战国早期第三期：战国中、晚期与西周相比,东周时期的战车用途更加细化,有小型战车,重型战车和指挥车,这三者有车舆大小和车上设置的不同；安车是乘车的一种,在东周时期一直都有,春秋晚期到战国早期,安车装饰更加豪华,到了战国晚期,安车设计的更为舒适。第五部分,将东周墓葬中的马车分为三晋两周地区、关陇秦文化区、长江中游楚文化区马车进行车型上的分析。三晋两周马车车型保守,形制一致,车舆面积统一。早期秦文化马车以继承两周车型为主,在战国晚期,车型有比较大的突破,在马车形制和车舆形态上都创东周各国车型之最。楚文化马车在其发展中,兼收并蓄,较多考虑专车专用和乘车的舒适。第六部分,对东周墓葬中的马车分实用车和明器车进行器用制度的分析：功用相同的实用马车有车舆大小、等级之分；在高级贵族社会活动的正式场合,车型一般比较固定,而生活用车,车舆形状多样；同一墓葬中往往将不同功用马车有序放置；女性墓葬也有马车随葬,马车尺寸稍小；马车明器化是东周马车随葬的特征之一,其始于车马器的明器化,到真实马车的缩小版,再发展到陶、泥质、铜质马车模型对真车的替代。文章在对文献和前人研究的基础上,通过对东周时期葬用马车车舆形状、大小、马车形制的分析,对墓葬中的马车性质有了一定的认识,对马车的发展阶段有了划分,同时分析了不同区域的马车特点。对马车的器用制度进行了初步的研究。
[Abstract]:For the carriage is buried bow nobility of the pre Qin period. Because of the culture, different purposes, different decorative craft carriage, carriage and Ding GUI tombs, with signs of nobility rank. The archaeological excavation of the Eastern Zhou chariot pit has more than 150 vehicles, there are more than 100 basic forms of integrity these vehicles. In the tombs of the chariot pit or carriage type is an important embodiment of funeral ceremony at the time, also on behalf of the Eastern Zhou period life vehicles to a certain extent. The carriage distribution has been found widely, from the carriage form overall, the same composition is more, but differences also exist.
The study involved have the carriage range is very wide, the academic circles from different perspectives on the study of vehicle system, and analysis of the types of decorative periodization and dating, and buried (sacrificial) system, and sacrifice, and the carriage and war, present a gift to a bereaved family, the origin of the carriage, and the ancient literature, related to the study of ancient texts according to the study. As the material form and the macroscopic vehicle system are gradually in-depth. This paper attempts to sort out the data in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty unearthed chariots, based on the literature study on the classification and staging system research. After all partitions and the carriage, the carriage is different from the general ritual, it is a a combination of a variety of complex factors in life, so in the discussion in the tombs of the carriage, as far as possible, starting from the restoration of its use at the time of the original.
The first part, the summary of the discovery of the carriage, and starting from the literature from the archaeological perspective the research status of the carriage type; explains the significance of the research, the purpose of this paper, research methods and research objects.
The second part of the carriage types see in extant literature to sort out. The first section reviews historical documents carriage category, name, and carriage related etiquette, carriage, carriage, carriage form, invention of the cart. The second section, classification of the literature in the carriage categories are discussed, on the car real life scenario described in the literature for more, the funeral car shape, such as less involved, the use of relevant data and the burial in the carriage were distinguished.
The third part, the performance of unearthed literature category. The first section of the carriage, and Jin Wenzhong, of the gold car, colt car is discussed; in section second, combing the Qin Bamboo Slips, the carriage in the stone category; third, research of Eastern Zhou Dynasty bronze, shaped like rock, the carriage on the lacquer ware, ancient text and image materials the important inspiration for us to understand or more real understanding of the Shang and Zhou dynasties of the car.
The fourth part, comprehensive factors typological analysis of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty carriage, and on the basis of this stage. To explore the characteristics of each period of the cart. The cart can be divided into three stages.
The first stage: early spring and autumn, middle period
The second period: the late spring and Autumn period to the early Warring States
The third period: in the Warring States period, the late stage
Compared with the Western Zhou Dynasty, the use of tanks in the Eastern Zhou period more refined, small vehicles, heavy vehicles and command vehicle, the three have set the vehicle size and the car is different; safety car is a car, in the Eastern Zhou period has been, the late spring and Autumn period to the early Warring States period, an even more luxurious car decoration, to the late Warring States period, car design is more comfortable.
The fifth part will be divided into the tombs of the Eastern Zhou period in the carriage two weeks off Longqin Shanxi area, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River culture area, Chu culture area were analyzed. The carriage vehicle Shanxi two week wagon models conservative, shape consistent, unified car and carriage area. The early Qin culture to inherit two weeks in the late Warring States period, models, models there is a big breakthrough in the carriage vehicle shape and form a type of carriage. Most countries of Eastern Zhou Chu culture in its development, eclectic, considered more special and ride comfort.
The sixth part is for the system analysis of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty tomb in the carriage and its utility vehicle divided car: the same car carriage utility function and size grades; formal occasions in senior aristocratic social activities, models are generally relatively fixed, and the life of car, car and shape varied in the same tomb; the different functions of the carriage often placed orderly; female tombs of a chariot burial carriage smaller; the carriage is one of the characteristics of burial burial started in the carriage, and the funerary objects, to a smaller version of Real Coach, to the development of pottery, clay, substitute copper carriage model to the real car.
Based on the literature and previous studies, the size of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty burial carriage vehicle shape, shape analysis, carriage, to have a certain understanding of the nature of the carriage in the tombs, were divided into the development stage of carriage, and analyzes the characteristics of different regions of the carriage. The carriage is carried out a preliminary study using the system.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K878.8

【引证文献】