青铜轨敦_东周青铜敦研究

  本文关键词：东周青铜敦研究，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。

        青铜敦类器,出现于春秋中叶,盛行于春秋晚期至战国,继簋之后成为先秦时期青铜礼器组合中粢盛器的主流,广泛出土于河南、河北、山西、山东、湖南、湖北、安徽、陕西等省区。青铜敦形态较多,从平底到圜底,从盖、器扣合呈圜形到盖、器扣合呈球形,从器、盖不对称到器、盖对称,是青铜敦的总体发展脉络。我们根据这一总的发展脉络,结合青铜敦的形态演变,将青铜敦分为盖、器扣合呈圜形和盖、器扣合呈球形两大类。因其形态的多样性,使青铜敦相对于其它粢盛器获得了更多的生命力,从而得到了更多的发展空间。同时因为其形态多样,长期以来,学者们围绕其定名、功用、发展脉络、器形演变及与相关器类,如盆、盂、簋、鼎、盒、豆的关系等方面,虽然作了不少有益的研究和探讨,取得了很大成绩,但仍存在较大分歧。本文以考古发掘出土的青铜敦为主要研究资料,适当参考部分时代明确的传世器,从以下方面对青铜敦类器分别进行了探讨。第一,关于青铜敦的定名与形制。本文从自名为敦的敦类器出发,在对自名为敦的敦类器器形特征进行分类的基础上,结合敦类器自身演变的先后承袭关系,认为目前称之为盏的这类圆形敦类器无论从形态上还是时间上均处于青铜敦发展的中间环节,所以“盏”应为楚文化区对这类器物的地域性名称,而“敦”则应为通名。第二,关于青铜敦的类型学分析。本文根据青铜敦类器的总体发展脉络,先依据青铜敦类器盖、器扣合后的形状分为盖、器扣合呈圜形和盖、器扣合呈球形两大类,再运用考古类型学方法对两大类青铜敦进行了型式划分,明确了青铜敦在各个时期的特点,并对这两大类青铜敦的先后承袭关系进行了探讨,认为青铜敦的演变序列是甲类A型敦(平底敦)—甲类B型敦(盏式敦)—乙类敦(圆体敦)。第三,关于青铜敦的功用。本文从文献中关于敦类器功用的记载、敦类器的自名、在墓葬组合中承担的功用、出土敦的残留物及使用痕迹几个方面,并结合青铜敦自身的形制,对青铜敦的功用进行了探讨,认为敦的主要功用是粢盛,但还具有鼎炊煮或盛放牲肉的功能。第四,关于青铜敦的分期演变。本文根据青铜敦自身形制的演变,结合纹饰及器物组合规律的变化,并参考同出器物的分期研究成果,将青铜敦的发展演变过程大致分为五期,即春秋中期偏早、春秋中期偏晚到春秋晚期偏早、春秋晚期偏晚到战国早期、战国中期、战国晚期,认为春秋中期偏早是青铜敦发展的萌芽期,春秋中期偏晚到春秋晚期偏早是甲类敦大发展的时期,春秋晚期偏晚到战国早期是青铜敦发展的高峰期,战国中期是青铜敦从极盛逐渐走向衰落的时期,战国晚期是青铜敦迅速走向消亡的时期。第五,关于青铜敦的组合。本文主要以科学发掘、没有经过盗扰的完整青铜礼器组合为研究材料,并适当参考一些虽无明确数据,但墓葬等级比较明确的一些墓葬资料,将出土青铜敦的墓葬划分为大、中、小型三个等级,以时间的早晚为主线,考察不同时期不同等级墓葬中青铜敦组合关系的变化,探求青铜敦在礼器组合中的地位及与其他粢盛器的关系,认为青铜敦在中小型墓葬中的独立性较强,逐渐成为粢盛器的主流。而在大型墓葬中则大多居于从属地位,未能成为主流粢盛器。第六,关于青铜敦的地域特征。本文根据不同地区青铜敦所表现出来的文化面貌上的特点,将青铜敦分为六大区域,主要运用文化因素分析方法进行分析,在对各个地区青铜敦特点分别探讨的基础上,对各个地区间青铜敦总的发展轨迹进行了探讨,认为最早的甲类A型敦(平底敦)产生于中原地区,在传入长江中下游地区后,楚人又相继创造性地创制了甲类B型敦和乙类敦,并对其他地区青铜敦的发展演变有重要影响。第七,关于青铜敦与相关器类的关系。本文运用类型学的方法,以器物自身的形制演变为主,结合器物自名,参考墓葬组合情况,对敦与其他相关器类如盆、簋、鼎、盒、豆的关系进行了探讨,认为敦是簋的派生物,同时受到盆和鼎的影响,与豆之间有一种相互影响且携手并进的关系,最终被铜盒所取代。第八,关于青铜敦的起源与消亡。本文认为青铜敦起源于簋,由簋派生,但同时受到盆和鼎的影响。青铜敦产生于中国古代青铜器制作的第二个高峰期的大背景下,又以其形态的多样性和功能的多重性,获得了强大的生命力,迅速确立了其在食器中的地位,成为继簋之后又一粢盛器的主流。青铜敦的衰落是在簋类粢盛器衰落的大背景下发生的,同时铜盒的兴起和秦人对铜敦的排斥加速了铜敦的衰落。由于本人学力有限,谬误在所难免,敬请方家指正。

    The bronze Dui(敦)appeared in the middle Spring and Autumn period, and prevailed from the late Spring and Autumn to the Warring States. Following the bronze Gui(簋),bronze Dui became a mainstream of the vessel for containing food in the combination of ritual bronzes in pre-Qin period. They were widely unearthed in Henan, Hebei, Shanxi,Shandong, Hunan, Hubei, Anhui and Shaanxi. The bronze Dui had many shapes, from the flat bottom to the celestial body bottom, from gathered covers and buckle assuming shape of celestial to gathered overs and buckle assuming shape of sphere, from buckle and covers unsymmetried to symmetried, they were the overall development vein of the bronze Dui. According to this overall development vein and the shape evolution of bronze Dui, we divide the bronze into gathered covers and buckle assuming cellist and gathered overs and buckle assuming sphere. Because of its shape’s multiplicity, bronze Dui obtained more vitalities comparing with other millet vessel, thus they had more development opportunities. Simultaneously because of their diverse shape, scholars have had done many beneficial researches and discussion regarding their naming, function, development vein, shape evolution and relative instrument(such as Pen(盆)、Yu(盂)、Gui、Ding(鼎)、He(盒)、Dou(豆)),and had made very big progresses, but their view still had many divergences. This article takes unearthed bronze by excavation discovery as main research material and refers to some handed down vessel that had explicit times to separately discuss the bronze Dui as follows:The first is about bronze Dui’s name and shape. Beginning from discussing the bronze Dui’s name, and at the base of classifying the characteristic of the vevessel of the bronze Dui, along with the successively relations of the bronze Dui’s own evolution, this article view that the present so-called Zhan with celestial shape were on the middle link of the bronze Dui’s development regardless in the shape or in the time. Therefore, "Zhan" should be a regional name which the Chu culture area called that kind of utensil, and "Dui" should be the usual name.The second is about the taxonomy analysis on the bronze Dui. According to the vessel of bronze Dui’s overall development vein, this article firstly divide the bronze Dui into two kinds(gathered covers and buckle assuming cellist and gathered overs and buckle assuming sphere) according to the gathered shape of the bronze Dui’s covers and buckle. Then, carries on the pattern division to two kind of bronze Dui using the archaeology taxonomy, so could be clear about the characteristic of the bronze Dui in each time. This article also discusses the successively relations on these two kind of bronze Dui, and considers that the evolution sequence of the bronze Dui was Class A A Dui(flat base Dui)-Class A B Dui(a type of Zhan)-the class B Dui (circles Dui).The third is about the function of bronze Dui. This article discusses the function of the Dui with the Dui’s own construction and from several aspects such as literature record about the Dui’s function, Dui’s own name, the function undertaking in the grave combination, the residuum of the unearthed Dui and use trace. The conclusion is that the main function of the Dui was to millet, but also had the Ding’s funtions, such as cooking, boilling or holding the meat of the livestock.The fourth is about the stages evolution of the bronze Dui. According to the evolution of the bronze Dui’s own construction and the the combination rule’s changes of decorative design in a utensil and vessel and also refering to the stages research results of the accompany vessels, this article approximately divides the evolution process of the bronze Dui into five periods, namely the earlier middle Spring and Autumn period, from the later middle Spring and Autumn to earlier late Spring and Autumn, from the later late Spring and Autumn later to the early Warring States, middle Warring States, the late Warring States, respectively were the period of the sprouting time of the bronze, the big development of the Class A Dui, the peak development of the bronze Dui, gradually declining period of the bronze Dui, and the withering period.The sixth is about the regional characters of the bronze Dui. This article divides the bronze Dui into six large regions according to the character of the cultural appearance which the different local bronze Dui displayed, I will analyze it mainly using the cultural element analysitic method, and discuss each interzone bronze Dui’s total development path at the base of discussing separately the characters of each local bronze Dui. This article considers that earliest Class A A Dui (flat base Dui) produced in the Yellow River area, after spreading to middle and lower Yangtze River area, Chu’s people creatively formulated the Class A B and the class B Dui, thus having the important effect to other local bronze Dui’s development and evolution.The seventh is about the relations of bronze Dui and related vessels. With the method of typology this thesis explores the relations of bronze Dui and other related vessels,such as Pen, Gui, Ding, He and Dou Vessel, combining devices’s name and refering to states of combination of Ancient Tombs. In my opinion, as the derivatives of Gui, bronze Duis affected by Pen and Ding and had a kind of relations of influencing each other and going forward hand in hand with Sacrificial Vessel, fanally replaced by bronze He.The eighth is about the origin and extinction of bronze Dui. This article hold that bronze Dui originated from Gui, was he derivatives of Gui, and affected by Pen and Ding. Bronze Dui came into being In the second peak of making ancient bronzes of China. With the diversity of shapes and the multiplicity of functions, Bronze Dui fastly established its status In the food vessels and became the mainstream of the vessel for containing food after Gui.The decline of bronze Dui happened in the general trend of decline of the vessel for containing food as Gui, at the same time boom of bronze He and the reject to bronze Dui of Qin people speed up the decline of bronze Dui.Because myself scholarship is limited, the error is unavoidable, so I will welcome criticism on my article.

东周青铜敦研究

摘要3-5Abstract5-7绪论10-15    第一节 青铜敦的研究概况10-13    第二节 研究的意义13-14    第三节 研究方法和理论14-15第一章 青铜敦的定名及功用15-21    第一节 青铜敦的定名15-19    第二节 青铜敦的功用19-21第二章 青铜敦的类型学分析21-35    第一节 甲类敦21-27    第二节 乙类敦27-35第三章 青铜敦的分期演变35-41第四章 青铜敦的组合41-48第五章 青铜敦的区域分析48-56    第一节 中原地区48-50    第二节 海岱地区50-51    第三节 长江中、下游地区51-53    第四节 巴蜀地区53    第五节 北方地区53-54    第六节 关中地区54-56第六章 敦与相关器类的关系56-72    第一节 敦与簋的关系56-61    第二节 敦与盆的关系61-64    第三节 敦与鼎的关系64-67    第四节 敦与盒的关系67-70    第五节 敦与豆的关系70-72第七章 青铜敦的起源与消亡72-75    第一节 青铜敦的起源72-73    第二节 青铜敦的消亡73-75结语75-76参考文献76-84附表84-114致谢114-115攻读学位期间研究成果115-116附图116-117

  本文关键词：东周青铜敦研究，，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。