商代都城宫殿建筑基址研究

发布时间：2018-04-29 22:01

本文选题：商代 + 都城　；参考：《河南大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：考古发现的商代都城宫殿建筑基址，作为商王朝进行各种政治活动和日常生活的主要场所，直接或间接的反映了商代的社会形态、礼仪制度等多方面的历史信息。本文通过对商代都城宫殿建筑基址的建筑形制和布局特点进行分析研究，以探讨商代宫殿的建筑制度以及相关礼仪制度。偃师商城宫城位于小城中部，宫城南部为宫殿区，中部为祭祀区，北部为池苑遗址。南部的宫殿基址可分为东西对称分布的两组建筑群，东组为宗庙建筑，呈独立封闭的四合院落式格局；西组为宫室建筑，呈南北相连的三进院落式格局。郑州商城内城之中分布有大量的宫殿建筑基址，而城内东北部最为集中，且发现有池苑遗迹和社祀遗存。从已发掘的部代宫殿建筑基址可知郑州商城宫殿建筑的基本格局亦呈四合院落式。洹北商城是中商时期的大型都城遗址，宫城位于城址中部偏南，已发掘的一号和二号宫殿基址位于宫城中部。这两座基址整体形制和布局特点与偃师商城的东组基址相似，为南北纵向布列的两座彼此独立的四合院落式宫殿建筑，亦当属于宗庙建筑。殷墟小屯宫殿区的建筑基址分为甲、乙、丙、丁四组，甲组基址多为单体建筑，，整体布局表现出东西对称的特点；乙组基址是由北向南依次建造的，由若干座四合院落式宫殿南北相连组合成多进院落，与偃师商城西组建筑的格局相似，属宫室类建筑，丙组基址位于乙组基址西侧，应属于乙组基址的附属建筑。新发现的丁组基址位于乙组基址东南，建筑年代较早，为独立封闭的四合院落式结构，应为宗庙建筑。商代都城的宫殿建筑在选址制度方面，注重“宫城居中”与择高地营建宫室两个基本原则，如果都城所在地之地形可同时满足这两个基本原则，则宫城必然是居中、居高的，但当地形不能同时满足这两个原则时，出于宫城安全的考虑，必然要选择都城内的高地上。在宫殿建筑形制上，商代宫殿建筑的基本模式为标准的四合院落式结构。在宫殿布局上遵从性质相同的建筑沿同一南北中轴线纵向布列，宫室与宗庙两种性质不同的建筑则呈东西对称布局。在建筑朝向方面，商代的大部分建筑，包括城址、宫殿的建筑轴线均遵从偏东北的方位制度。宫城建筑制度中还包含池苑和消防制度，在都城宫殿区内大都建有池苑，一方面作为商王生活娱乐的专属场所，另一方面也是作为整个宫殿区的消防设施。宗庙制度方面，宗庙建筑是都城内最早营建的建筑，一经建造便不会进行改建或废弃。商代没有迁庙和毁庙制度，随着死去商王数量的增多，宗庙的数量也随之增加。宗庙建筑均为相对封闭的独立四合院，北部正殿分隔为若干间室用以供奉先王神主。朝寝制度方面，商代遵循前朝后寝的制度，寝殿位于宫室最北部，朝堂建筑由南向北分为外朝和内朝，平面格局为南北相连的两进或三进院落。祭祀制度方面，在宫殿区范围内既有专门的祭祀场所，也有针对宗庙或其他祭祀类建筑进行特定的祭祀活动。通过分析商代其他地方城邑的宫殿建筑基址，可知它们也受到商王朝都城宫殿建筑的影响。在宫殿区选址制度、四合院落式结构与中轴对称制度、建筑朝向尊东北方位制度、前朝后寝制度都与商王朝的建筑礼仪制度表现出一致性特征。商代宫殿建筑礼仪制度中的宫庙分离、四合院落式结构、中轴对称制度也是承袭二里头遗址中的宫殿建筑基址所表现出的建筑礼仪制度，并对西周时期的宫殿建筑形制产生了深远的影响。商代都城宫殿建筑在宫殿建筑发展史中起到了承上启下的关键作用。
[Abstract]:Based on the archaeological finds of the palace buildings of the Shang Dynasty , as the main places of various political activities and daily life of Shang Dynasty , it directly or indirectly reflects the historical information of the social form and the etiquette system of the Shang Dynasty . This paper studies the architecture and layout characteristics of the palace buildings of the Shang Dynasty , in order to discuss the architecture system of the Shang Dynasty palace and the related etiquette system .

Yanshi Shangcheng Miyagi is located in the middle of the small town , the south of the palace is the palace area , the middle part is the sacrifice area , the north is the Yuyuan site . The palace base site in the south can be divided into two groups of buildings with symmetrical distribution , and the east group is a temple building , which is in the form of an independent closed four - compound courtyard ;
The basic pattern of the palace buildings in Shangcheng is located in the middle part of the city , and the base of the palace is located in the middle part of the city . The site of the palace is divided into four groups : A , B , C , D .
The base site of Group B is constructed from north to south and is composed of a plurality of four - compound courtyards , which are connected to the north and south to form a multi - entrance compound , which is similar to the pattern of the western group of Yanshi Shangcheng . The base site of Group B is located on the west side of the base site of Group B . The base site of the newly discovered group is located in the southeast of the base site of the group B . The newly discovered group base site is located in the southeast of the base site of the group B .

The palace buildings in the Shang Dynasty are based on the site selection system , pay attention to the two basic principles of " palace residence " and the selective high - height construction palace . If the terrain of the city location can meet these two basic principles at the same time , it is necessary to choose the high ground in the city . In the construction of the palace , most of the buildings of the Shang Dynasty are the standard four - compound courtyard structure . In the construction of the palace , most of the buildings of the Shang Dynasty include the city site and the building axis of the palace .

In the temple system , the temple buildings are the earliest buildings built in the city . Once they are built , they will not be reconstructed or abandoned . As the number of the dead merchants increases , the number of the temples increases . As the number of dead merchants increases , the temple is divided into a number of rooms to serve the Lord God . In terms of the system of worship , there is a special sacrifice place in the palace area , and there are special sacrifice activities for the temple or other sacrificial structures .

By analyzing the base sites of the palace buildings of other local cities in the Shang Dynasty , it is found that they are also influenced by the architecture of the palace buildings of the Shang Dynasty . In the site selection system of the palace , the drop - down structure of the four compound houses and the central axis symmetry system , the building faces the northeast orientation system , and the system of the ex - dynasty bed and the Shang Dynasty shows the consistency characteristic .

The Imperial Palace in the Shang Dynasty palace is separated from the temple , and the four - compound courtyard falls into a structure . The central axis symmetry system is also the architectural etiquette system that is shown by the palace buildings in Erlitou site , and has a far - reaching influence on the palace building formation in the Western Zhou Dynasty .

【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：K878

【参考文献】