金鸡梁所出木牍、封检及相关问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-09 12:38

本文选题：汉 + 魏晋南北朝　；参考：《兰州大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：拜官版也被称作除书、告身,与今天的委任状大略相当,是历代官文书中一个比较偏僻的门类,文献记载琐碎、分散,早期的相关实物极为罕见且迟至近几十年才被甄别出来,因此专门的研究罕有学者问津。《金鸡梁所出木牍、封检及相关问题研究》以金鸡梁出土的拜官版和封检为线索,汇集物证,勾稽史料,在前人成果的基础上,对相关的文物制度、历史问题进行了探讨。论文的上编尝试提出了以下意见： 1、“版授”一词出现的时间较早,但具有特殊含义的“版授”概念却要晚到两晋之交或东晋初才出现,并且限于江左南方使用,这与其时皇权相对衰落密切相关。拜官版并不专属于这类“版授”,而是汉至南北朝各等级授官通用的文书载体。 2、相对于书写用纸的普及,拜官版被纸本告身取代的时间要晚到南北朝末,且南北方不应同步。滞后的原因可能与“木主于敬”的观念长期流行有关。 3、尽管拜官版或告身由尚书省或功曹等几构发放,但授职行为就形式而言还应是当权者个人意志的体现。因此,就中央封拜而言还须另配册书、制书等天子文书,地方上则离不开最高行政官长的教文。尽管有时被混称为除书,但实际上这些文书各具实际功能。 4、历代中央除拜,不同等级对应配发不同的天子文书,它们的形式随时代和制度的变迁而流转。 5、魏晋南北朝时期拜官版的名称繁多,有时也被叫作“尚书(?)”,这意味着“敕”字的禁忌须当回归顾炎武的观点,即它是南北朝晚期才首先在北方出现的现象。梳理文献和出土物,这样的证据确能找到。中编关注的核心是拜官版的法定长度,最终的结论否定了宋人程大昌的一尺二寸说。通常拜官用版分为两等,地方任署少吏使用一尺版,尺一版则通行于中央除拜、“版授”高官以及地方察举。虽然讨论的是拜官版的长度,但结论却是借助于金鸡梁出土的赵清行检得出的。 1、迄今出土的拜官版都是冥器抄件,不足以作为判定正本长度的依据。 2、文献显示,征召版檄也有封检；赵清行检应是其例。 3、通过出土封检的统一分类,在区分文书检和实物检的基础上,进一步将文书检区划定为两大类,一类用于封禁于书囊、箧笥之外,尺寸往往较短；另一类直接附着于底牍之上,尺寸较长。后一类就是文献中的称作“函封”,与底牍相合,可称“书函”或“函书”。赵清行检应归入后者。函书的形式自成演变序列,随着该用来封禁纸本文书,逐步小型化,进而发展成今天的纸信封。盛奁文书的箧、笥、匮,则可能是后代盛书函匣的前身。 4、在可查到数据的出土实物中,采用“函书”或“书函”形式的普通官文书长度为一尺,而赵清行检却长达尺一。因其用于封禁地方辟举的版檄,这也就为拜官版的法定长度提供了实证。 5、虽然外在形式无别,但有一部分封检实应归入“传”的范畴。“传”作为人员旅行、物品输递的通行证,其实物形态一直存在争议。在封检分类过程中,意外地甄别出了一组人员用“传”的实物。人员用传一般采用露布形式,且地方军事系统发放者多有用觚的实例。用以递送文书、实物的“传”,其主体其实就由文书检和实物检构成,只是多数情况下还需背靠背地绑上一枚“缄”,以标明传递方式。论文的下编,利用金鸡梁等地出土的前凉拜官版重新考定了李柏文书的年代,将它的写作时间由东晋提前到了西晋晚期。论证过程中,还附带提出了以下见解： 1、前凉最高级别的官文书称“令”不称“诏”,其最高行政机构除了张祚僭伪时外,也始终是上公府或太府,左右长史、司马通常在其中充当重要角色。 2、与李柏文书年代密切的出土地问题,应当维持发现者本人的意见。至于LK出土说的一个重要来源——LA遗址非楼兰说,实由于王国维先生用错了地图才提出的。
[Abstract]:The official edition, also known as a book, is also known as a book, and is roughly equivalent to today's mandate. It is a relatively remote category in the official literary books of the past dynasties. The literature is trivial and scattered. The early related objects are very rare and have been identified late to the last few decades. On the basis of the achievements of the predecessors, the article discusses the related cultural relics and historical problems on the basis of the achievements of the predecessors.
The following comments are made by the last part of the paper:
1, the word "edition" appeared earlier, but the concept of "edition" with special meaning was late to the turn of the Jin Dynasty or the early East Jin Dynasty, and was limited to the southern use in the south of the river. It was closely related to the relative decline of imperial power. Carrier.
2, compared to the popularization of writing paper, the time for the official version of the official edition to be replaced by the paper is late to the end of the north and the south, and the north and South should not be synchronized. The reason for the lag may be related to the long-term popularity of the concept of "wood owner to respect".
3, in spite of the official version of the official version or a number of structures issued by the province of Shang Shu or the Gong Cao, the act of service should also be the embodiment of the individual's will of the authority. Therefore, the central seal of worship requires another book, a book, and so on. Some of the documents have their own practical functions.
4, in the past dynasties, the central authorities had allocated different emperors' documents in different levels, but their forms changed with the changes of the times and systems.
5, the name of the official version of the official edition in the Wei, Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties is sometimes called "Shang Shu (?)", which means that the taboo of the word "edict" must be returned to Gu Yanwu, that is, it is the first phenomenon in the north and the north of the northern and Southern Dynasties.
The core of the central editor's attention is the legal length of the official version of the official edition, and the final conclusion denies the one foot two inch of Cheng Dachang, which is usually divided into two. Zhao Qinghang was found to help the Juns beam unearthed.
1, so far the unofficial version of the official script is a copy of the Bible, which is not enough to judge the length of the original.
2, the literature shows that there are also seals for the call page, and Zhao Qinghang should be the case.
3, through the unified classification of unearthed seal inspection, the Wen Shujian area is delimited as two categories on the basis of the district division Book Inspection and the physical examination. One is used to seal the ban on the book bag and the size is often short; the other is attached directly to the wooden slips and the size is longer. The latter category is called the "letter seal" in the literature, which is compatible with the wooden slips. It is called "book letter" or "letter". Zhao Qinghang's inspection should be classified as the latter. The form of the letter is from the evolvement sequence, which is gradually miniaturized and then developed into today's paper envelope.
4, in the unearthed objects in which the data can be found, the ordinary official book in the form of "letter" or "letter" is one foot in length, while Zhao Qinghang examines the length of a ruler.
5, although there are no different forms of external form, there are some seals which should be classified into the category of "biography". "Biography", as a person's travel, a pass of goods delivery, has always been controversial. In the process of classification, a group of personnel used to use "biography" is accidentally identified. In order to deliver documents and the "transmission" of the objects, the main body is actually made up of document inspection and physical inspection. In most cases, it is necessary to bind a "Silence" to the back to back to indicate the way of delivery.
In the next part of the paper, the age of Li Bai Wen was reconfirmed by the pre cool official edition of the unearthed land of Jinji Liang, and the time of his writing was advanced from the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the late Western Jin Dynasty.
1, the official document of the highest level in the front of the cool front is called "order" not to be called "imperial edict", and its supreme administrative organization, in addition to Zhang Zuo, has always been an official or too long history, and Sima usually plays an important role in it.
2, the unearthed land problem, which is closely related to Li Baiwen's book years, should maintain the opinion of the discoverer himself. As for an important source of LK unearthed, the site of the LA site is not Kroraina said by Mr. Wang Guowei on the wrong map.

【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K877.9

【参考文献】