民元至抗战间的西北私人社会考察现象初探

发布时间：2018-05-15 20:38

本文选题：科学考察 + 考察家　；参考：《华东师范大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：民元至抗战时期,中国内忧外患。在外,民族危机空前严重,在内,军阀战争持续不断,尤其在东北沦陷和一二八事变之后,日本侵略步伐加快,东南一线堪可忧虑,而西北地位日益凸显。政府至民间,都把西北看作抗战的大后方,“开发西北”的呼声日见高涨。但此时,对于西北的概况,国人还是一片茫然。在这种情况下,对西北进行近代意义上的科学考察,就有了迫切和深远的意义。而此时,无论是北洋还是南京国民政府,都是执政未稳,无暇西顾;只有少量学术组织和团体有心于此,但没有政府的有力支助和资金支持,也难以成行。有鉴于此,中国无数知识分子和有志之士,便利用各种机遇,前往西北进行科学考察,其中多人不依托任何政府组织,学术团体,自费出行。本文在结构上共分四章。第一章回顾了晚清以来的西北边疆史地研究的成果和不足。晚清的西北边疆史地研究,是基于中国传统学术框架下的研究,其内容仅限于舆地军防,其方法也仅为考据和征引资料,和近现代意义上的社会考察相距甚远。尽管如此,由于研究的社会根源和迫切性依然存在,其研究成果便为民国时期的考察家所传承、弥补和发扬。第二章阐述了考察活动的背景情况,共分为两个部分。第一节介绍了西北概况,大体从自然和社会两个层面,简单理清了西北固有的物产资源和社会人文现状。第二节论述了考察的时代背景,及其对考察家个人理想和活动的影响。民国初建,政治革新,思想解放,在国内外形势的层面上,严峻的民族危机呼吁考察家们进行刻不容缓的西北考察活动；在思想文化层面上,起自晚清的思想变革,使科学和民主渐入人心,才使得这些青年才俊有了立功西北的想法,并付之于实践。第三章是本文的主要部分,对考察的主体和客体做了详细的评述。第一节评述了考察主体,即考察家们的情况,一是考察家的社会身份和职业概述；二是考察缘起,即考察的动因与口的梳理。考察家的社会身份和职业、考察的初始原因与考察目的,直接或间接决定了他们的考察内容和考察方法。第二节具体详细阐述了考察客体,即考察的内容,共分为八部十四类,即风光胜迹、资源与环境、历史沿革、内政与外事、经济与民生、军事与国防、民族与宗教、文化与教育、世情风俗等。这些考察内容为西北开发作了前期充分的准备,为后来者制定方针政策提供了资料和借鉴之方,功不可没。第四章是对考察成果的评述。第一节评述了考察家们本身。考察家的私人考察活动,是特殊历史阶段下的特殊历史现象,在当时极为艰苦的社会条件下,完成了如此伟大的历史任务,没有高尚的精神和持久的毅力是不可想象的。第二节和第三节分别从正反两个方面,评述了考察内容。考察内容固然极具价值,但由于是个人考察活动,多数人没有扎实的学科训练,也受客观社会环境的影响,难免瑕瑜并存。
[Abstract]:During the period of the People ' s Republic of China to the Anti - Japanese War , China ' s internal and external relations have suffered . In the past , the ethnic crisis has become more and more serious . In particular , the war on the warlords continues , especially after the fall of the northeast and the second eight accidents , Japan ' s aggressive pace has accelerated , the southeast line can be worried , and the north - west position has become more prominent . Both the government and the folk have seen the Northwest as the big rear of the War of Resistance , and the voice of " developing the Northwest " is rising .

But at this time , for the general situation in the northwest , the Chinese people are still blankly . In this case , there is an urgent and far - reaching significance for the scientific investigation of the northwest in modern sense . At this time , both the Beiyang and the Nanjing National Government , there are no government ' s strong support and financial support , and it is difficult to complete the line . In view of this , China ' s numerous intellectuals and aspiring scholars take advantage of the opportunities and travel to the Northwest to carry out scientific investigation , many of whom do not rely on any governmental organization , academic community , and self - expense .

This paper is divided into four chapters .

The first chapter reviews the achievements and shortcomings of the study of the historical land in the northwest frontier since the late Qing Dynasty . The study of the northwest frontier in the late Qing Dynasty is based on the study of the traditional academic framework of China . The content of the study is limited to the public opinion army . However , because of the social root causes and urgency of the research , the research results have been inherited , made up and developed by the visiting home in the period of the Republic of China .

The second chapter describes the background of the investigation activities , which is divided into two parts . The first section introduces the general situation of the Northwest , generally from the two aspects of nature and society . The second section discusses the historical background of the investigation and its influence on the individual ideals and activities of the family .
On the ideological and cultural level , the ideological change from the late Qing Dynasty brought science and democracy into the hearts of the people , so that these young talents had the idea of establishing the northwest of work and paid them to practice .

The third chapter is the main part of this article , and makes a detailed comment on the subject and the object of the investigation . The first part reviews the main body , namely , the situation of the visiting family , the first is the social identity and occupation overview of the visiting family ;
In the second part , the author makes a detailed exposition of the contents of the investigation object , namely , the scenic spots , resources and environment , historical evolution , internal affairs and foreign affairs , economic and livelihood , military and national defense , nation and religion , culture and education , customs and customs .

The fourth chapter is a review of the results of the investigation . In the first section , the author comments on the special historical phenomenon in the special historical stage , which is a special historical phenomenon in the special historical stage . In the second and third sections , it is inconceivable that the content of the investigation is of great value , but because of personal investigation activities , most people do not have solid academic disciplines and are influenced by the objective social environment .

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K871

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