古代城防二题

发布时间：2018-05-16 17:03

本文选题：筑城 + 雉堞　；参考：《中国国家博物馆馆刊》2015年10期

【摘要】：我国古城多为夯土城墙。春秋时在墙上增筑雉堞,并设悬门和发梁。战国晚期筑起城门楼。继而在城墙外壁设马面,以御逼近城墙之敌。汉代出现了包砖的城墙,但砖城推广得相当慢。明以后县级的城垣才多为砖砌。瓮城虽出现得很早,但它和马面的结合要到汉代才完成。至明代,则不仅有外瓮城,还有内瓮城,形成复合式瓮城,更强化了防御能力。攻城时,城门首当其冲。西周时发明了攻城门的冲车和逾城用的云梯。唐代则有车梯,宋代改进成对楼天桥。攻城时除了逾城墙之外,还可挖掘地道。火药应用于战争后,穴攻发展成坑道爆破战术,农民起义军李自成和张献忠均曾用过此法。攻门、逾墙、挖地道及坑道爆破等法,有条件时可配合使用。此外古代还有若干攻城器械,如桥车、巢车、饿鹘车、扬尘车、檑木飞梯、吕公车等,由于缺乏实物资料和详明的战例,其效能还不十分清楚。
[Abstract]:The ancient cities of our country are mostly rammed earth walls. In the Spring and Autumn period, the walls were fortified with hanging doors and beams. In the late warring States period, the Chengmen tower was built. Then he set up horse noodles on the outer wall of the wall, so that he might approach the enemy of the wall. In the Han Dynasty, brick walls appeared, but brick cities spread very slowly. After the Ming Dynasty, the county level of the city walls are mostly brick. Although urn city appeared early, but it and horse noodles to be completed until the Han Dynasty. To the Ming Dynasty, there were not only outside vat city, but also inner urn city, which formed compound urn city and strengthened defense ability. The city gate was the first to bear the brunt of the siege. The Western Zhou Dynasty invented the attack on the gate of the car and more than the city used for the ladder. Tang Dynasty has a car ladder, the Song Dynasty to improve the building overpass. In addition to the siege of the city wall, but also excavated tunnels. Gunpowder was used in the war and developed into tunnel blasting tactics, which were used by the peasant rebels Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong. Attack door, over-wall, tunneling and tunnel blasting, when conditions can be used in conjunction. In addition, there were a number of ancient siege equipment, such as bridge car, nest car, hungry Uighur car, dust truck, wooden ladder, Lu bus, etc. Due to the lack of physical data and detailed Ming war cases, its effectiveness is not very clear.
【作者单位】：中国国家博物馆;
【分类号】：K878

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