北齐徐显秀墓室壁画及空气真菌多样性研究

发布时间：2018-06-17 09:01

本文选题：地下墓穴 + 壁画　；参考：《兰州大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：世界各地广泛分布着人类各个发展时期的历史遗迹,这些遗迹是全人类共同的宝贵财富。生物侵蚀(Biodeterioration)是历史遗迹和考古现场普遍存在的问题。对这些能引起古代壁画生物侵蚀的有害微生物的多样性研究已成为文物保护和修复工作中不可缺少的一部分。徐显秀墓是我国现存的少数几个北齐时代文物遗产地点之一,其中完整保存了大面积的墓室壁画,具有重要的历史价值、艺术价值和考古价值。然而,自发现以来,它一直遭受到生物因素(微生物、昆虫等)和非生物因素(光照、温度、湿度等)的破坏。科学家们对文物表面的微生物做了大量细致的研究,真菌是破坏文物的主要微生物,但人们对损害徐显秀墓室壁画的微生物报道甚少。所以本文从微生物学的角度出发,针对徐显秀墓室壁画和空气真菌的多样性及分布特征进行研究,以期为壁画保护提供切实可行的科学依据。本文结合传统培养技术和基于18S rRNA的分子生物学研究手段,对徐显秀墓室空气样品、壁画表面样品和壁画基质样品进行可培养真菌的分离鉴定。同时对可培养真菌的多样性、空间分布及其影响因素(环境因子)进行分析。对于分离获得的菌株,我们测定了其降解壁画基质(碳酸钙)的能力,以便进一步探讨真菌对壁画的危害机制。主要研究结果如下： (1)空气样品、壁画表面样品和壁画基质样品中可培养真菌的优势菌种属均为Penicillium sp.、Cladosporium sp.和Alternar sp.。这3个属的浓度总和分别占这三个样品中可培养真菌总浓度的86.35%、88.67%和68.46%。其他真菌多样性包括Neurospora sp..Epicoccum sp..Aspergillus sp.等14个属。 (2)空气样品中的可培养真菌多样性完全包含了壁画表面样品中的可培养真菌多样性,而壁画基质样品中的真菌多样性则与空气样品和壁画表面样品存在很大差异,壁画基质样品特有Phoma sp.(2.45士1.41％).Myrothecium sp.(0.15％士0.01％).Exophiala sp.(0.60士0.50％)和Chalastospora sp.(1.5583士0.01％)4个属,它们总共只占壁画基质样品可培养真菌总浓度的4.77%。 (3)不同样品中可培养真菌多样性与环境参数间的RDA分析显示,影响空气真菌多样性的主要环境参数是相对湿度、温度和深度,而影响壁画真菌多样性的参数只有颜料。不同地点的空气样品和不同颜色的壁画样品均聚集在不同位置,呈现较好的梯度排序,各个样品的平行间可重复性好、相似性高。 (4)真菌降解壁画基质的实验表明,并不是所有的真菌都能降解壁画的基质—碳酸钙,只有Penicillium sp.、Cladosporium sp., Myrothecium sp.、Neurosporasp.和Aureobasidium sp.五个属的真菌在培养时间内能观察到清晰地透明圈。不同属的真菌对CaCO3的降解能力也不同,三个优势种属之中的Penicillium sp.和Cladosporium sp.表现出较高的降解能力,能够快速降解培养基中的CaCO3,并且随着培养时间的延长,降解的效果更加明显。以上研究结果表明分离鉴定得到的这些真菌具有破坏墓室壁画的潜力,它们的生长状况受到墓室环境条件的影响。因此,鉴于对徐显秀墓室壁画的保护势在必行,我们建议严格控制墓室中的环境条件(温度、湿度),减少外界环境(通风、参观等)对墓室环境的影响,并且空气微生物监测应该纳入文化遗产地预防性保护方案。本文主要研究了北齐徐显秀墓室壁画及空气样品中可培养真菌的多样性及其分布特征,同时对这些真菌破坏壁画的能力做了初步评估,对徐显秀墓室壁画的保护具有科学参考价值,能够为文物保护工作者提供理论指导和科学依据。
[Abstract]:This paper studies the diversity and distribution characteristics of the wall paintings and air fungi in the tomb of Xu Xianxiu , which is one of the few cultural relics in the historical sites and archaeological sites , which has been widely distributed throughout the world .

In this paper , the isolation and identification of fungal isolates were carried out by combining the traditional culture technique and the molecular biology research methods based on 18s rRNA , and the diversity , spatial distribution and the influencing factors ( environmental factors ) of the fungi were analyzed . For the isolated strains , we determined the ability of the fungi to degrade the mural matrix ( calcium carbonate ) , so as to further study the harm mechanism of fungi to the mural . The main results were as follows :

( 1 ) The dominant species of fungi were Penicillium sp . , Cladosporium sp . and Alternar sp . The total concentrations of these three genera accounted for 86.35 % , 88.67 % and 68.46 % of the total fungi concentration in these three samples . Other fungal diversity included Neurospora sp . occum sp.Asper Aspergillus sp . , et al . , 14 genera .

( 2 ) The diversity of the fungi in the air sample completely contained the diversity of fungi in the surface samples of the frescoes , while the fungal diversity in the sample of the frescoes was significantly different from that of the air samples and the surface samples of the frescoes , and Phoma sp . ( 2.45 + 1 . 41 % ) was characteristic of the sample of the mural matrix . Myrothobacterium sp . ( 0.15 % + 0.01 % ) . Exophiala sp . ( 0.60 + 0.50 % ) and Chaldaspora sp . ( 1.5583 + 0.01 % ) were 4 genera , which accounted for only 4.77 % of the total fungal total concentration .

( 3 ) The analysis of RDA between fungi diversity and environmental parameters in different samples showed that the main environmental parameters affecting the diversity of the air fungi were relative humidity , temperature and depth , and the parameters affecting the diversity of the mural fungi were only pigments .

( 4 ) The experiment of fungal degradation of the substrate showed that not all fungi could degrade the substrate - calcium carbonate of the frescoes . Only Penicillium sp . , Cladosporium sp . , Myrothobacterium sp . , Neurospora sp . and aureobasidium sp . The fungi of different genera have different degradation ability to CaCO3 , Penicillium sp . and Cladosporium sp . in the three dominant species show higher degradation ability , can rapidly degrade CaCO3 in the culture medium , and the effect of degradation is more obvious as the culture time is prolonged .

The results show that these fungi have the potential to destroy the wall paintings of the burial chamber , and their growth conditions are influenced by the conditions of the environment of the burial chamber . Therefore , in view of the necessity of the preservation of the wall paintings in the tomb , we suggest strictly controlling the environmental conditions ( temperature , humidity ) in the burial chamber , reducing the external environment ( ventilation , visiting , etc . ) , and then carrying out a preliminary assessment on the ability of these fungi to destroy the frescoes , and provide theoretical guidance and scientific basis for the protection of cultural relics protection workers .
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：K879.41;Q938

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