中国横吹笛形制的历史变异考略

发布时间：2018-06-20 02:26

本文选题：新石器时期至明清时期 + 横吹笛　；参考：《中国音乐学院》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文旨在对从新石器时期到明清时期横吹笛乐器的形制发展做出一个大致考略，每时期中将资料分为了文献资料、实物资料、图画资料三部分进行整理，精选出各时期有代表性的进行展示分析，说明每一时期横吹笛形制的主要走向。 20世纪80年代左右至今，各地都出土了一大批有分量的横吹笛乐器，远古有骨笛骨哨，后世有做工精致、音律完善的横吹笛。这些考古实物配之文献史料，能更加确切的说明我国古代横吹笛的发展。新石器时期多以考古文物为重，如贾湖骨笛、河姆渡骨笛等，这样一大批的骨笛的出土，也是后世学者证明中国自古已有横吹乐器的有力佐证。夏至战国时期出土的乐器多在北方，在经过礼乐高峰周代之后，无论从史料还是实物中都不难看出，横吹笛乐器的制作与演奏场合、方法都已趋向于固定性、稳定性。汉时期，各民族间广泛交流，中原地区也传入了大量外民族的横吹笛类，主要盛行的有羌笛。此时期的史料记载尤为丰富，但其中不乏相互矛盾者，如马融的《长笛赋》说汉代的笛都是起源于羌族。但后世也有史书记载张骞只是将外来笛的演奏法传入西京。这些矛盾的史料让历代学者都颇有疑惑，笔者结合实物、史料、图画以及前人的研究，分析认为汉时期主要有三种横吹笛类型：羌笛、古笛以及改良笛；横吹笛的另一发展高峰就是唐、宋时期。唐时期四夷臣服，不仅北边的少数民族，海外的日本、朝鲜也与唐朝交流频繁，这一时期传入了两头笛等外国音乐的横吹笛，为横吹乐器注入了新鲜血液。宋代朝廷及学者对前朝发展兴盛的乐器、音乐进行了整理，此时期的史书为后人研究古笛提供了更加精确的记载。最后明清时期的横吹笛乐器基本就以膜笛最盛。其形制、演奏法等与近当代竹笛相同，，无太大变化。本文对横吹笛乐器形制资料作了较为努力的收集与分析，但由于受研究时间跨越大及部分相关史料查阅难度的限制，在史料收集方面定仍有遗漏，待以后有机会时再给以补充。
[Abstract]:The purpose of this paper is to make a general research on the development of the shape of flute instruments from the Neolithic period to the Ming and Qing dynasties, and divide the data into three parts: literature, material and drawing materials. A representative of each period was selected to show and analyze the main trend of the shape of the horizontal flute in each period. Since the 1980s, a large number of hefty piper instruments have been unearthed from all parts of the world, with bone flute and bone whistle in ancient times. Later generations have exquisite workmanship, perfect rhythm of the flute. These archaeological materials can more accurately explain the development of Chinese ancient piper. In the Neolithic period, archaeological relics, such as Jia Hu Gu Di, Hemudu Bone Flute, and so on, were unearthed, which is also the strong evidence that later scholars have proved that there have been horizontal blowing instruments in China since ancient times. Most of the instruments unearthed in the warring States period of the Summer Solstice were in the north. After the peak of etiquette and music in the Zhou Dynasty, it was not difficult to see from the historical data or the material objects that the methods of making and playing the flute instruments tended to be fixed and stable. During the Han Dynasty, various nationalities exchanged widely, and the Central Plains region also introduced a large number of foreign nationalities, mainly the Qiang flute. The historical records of this period are particularly rich, but there are many contradictions among them, such as Ma Rong's Flute Fu that the Han Dynasty flute originated from the Qiang nationality. But there are historical records that Zhang Qian only introduced the foreign flute playing method into Xijing. These contradictory historical materials have puzzled scholars of all dynasties. The author combines the material objects, historical materials, pictures and previous studies, and points out that there were three types of transversal flute in Han Dynasty: Qiang flute, ancient flute and improved flute; Another peak of the development of flutes was the Tang and Song dynasties. In the Tang Dynasty, not only the minorities in the north, Japan and Korea also exchanged frequently with the Tang Dynasty. During this period, foreign music such as two flutes were introduced, and new blood was injected into the instruments. The Song Dynasty court and scholars arranged the instruments and music which developed and flourished in the former dynasty. The historical books of this period provided more accurate records for the later generations to study ancient flute. At last, film flute was the most popular instrument in Ming and Qing dynasties. Its shape, playing method and so on are the same as the modern bamboo flute, no great changes. This paper makes a great effort to collect and analyze the data of the shape of the flute instruments. However, due to the limitation of the time span of the research and the difficulty of consulting some related historical materials, there are still some omissions in the collection of historical materials, which will be supplemented when there is an opportunity to do so in the future.
【学位授予单位】：中国音乐学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：K875.5

【参考文献】