卜辞与殷礼研究

发布时间：2018-06-20 10:28

本文选题：甲骨文 + 卜辞　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 商代是中国古代文明发展史上重要的历史时期,它上承虞夏,下启两周。此时所形成的礼仪制度对后世产生了巨大而深远的影响,周礼通过对其因袭损益而终至煌煌,从而开启了璀璨的礼乐文明,一举奠定了“礼仪之邦”的坚实基础。本文通过对殷墟甲骨文字以及相关卜辞材料的具体分析、归纳与研究,结合礼学文献资料、金文与考古材料,运用“二重证据法”的研究方法,对卜辞中的所含的殷礼进行了一定程度地探索与挖掘。主要内容包括商代军事征战时的军礼、商王的巡狩之礼、商人的王后婚姻礼仪和埋葬制度、商王与诸侯臣属之间的朝聘之礼、商代祭祀帝神和四方之神的礼仪等。一、商代的军礼。经过对甲骨卜辞中与战争有关的卜辞记录的梳理与研究,较为系统地挖掘了商代的军事礼仪制度,即告庙与谋伐、选将和命将、迁庙主与立军社、立中与乞师、振旅与剱狩、献捷和献俘。研究表明,商代军礼内容丰富,仪程较为完善,祖先崇拜贯穿战事始终。后世的军礼于商代大部分肇始并有明显的继承关系。二、商代的巡守礼。甲骨文字“省”“(?)”等字即是商王巡狩的记录。当时巡狩的对象主要为军事重地、四方边邑侯国以及军事征伐、农牧业生产等事。具体的礼仪有占卜、告祭神祖、迁主随行、祭祀河岳、祭祖报功等。同时具有自己的特点,如巡狩时间上随机而频繁、巡狩的军事征伐意义仍然占据重要地位,但行政内容已含在其中,并出现了经商王指令、由亲信大臣代王出巡的特使制度等。三、商代的品立王后礼。从甲骨文中的王后小(?)去世及其丧事一事研究入手,发现商王品立新的王后存在内选制和外品制,商王法定配偶即使拥有同一名号,其中也存在着高低等级的不同,而与强大的外族方国相互联姻,则体现了加强政治联盟方面的需要。这也是当时政治生活的一大特色和王室婚姻制度的一种重要构成形式。商代王室的婚姻与政治紧密相连,并有一定的礼制约束。四、商代的朝聘礼。商代的国体和政体决定了当时必然存在的诸侯、臣属与商王之间的朝觐与聘问的礼仪制度。即诸侯、臣属以“来”“至”等形式的朝觐礼、以“供”、“见”、“入”等形式的朝贡礼以及具体的商王迎入之礼、将币和助祭、赐命飨燕等礼仪。在聘问上,则有商王遣使、命使、立使等礼仪以及诸侯遣使聘王等礼。卜辞反映出,当时朝聘的显然是以商王为中心,但以上聘下的“大聘”非常多见。五、商代祭帝礼与祭方礼。从甲骨文中所反映的上帝的权能看,帝确实是商人心目中的最高神,而非众神之一。殷人是祭上帝的,卜辞中的“方帝”就是商人祭祀帝神的记录,而非祭祀方神。就“方”字的本义看,“方帝”实即周代的“郊”天之礼。商人已有清晰的“四方”及“四方神”观念,并采取多种方式进行祭祀,目的是求年、禳凶、祈福等。商代的方神不是土地神,应属天神系列。商代的四方既有实体意义,也具有宇宙观内涵。研究证明：商代并不是无“礼”可循,而是存在内容较为丰富且粗具形制的礼仪制度；殷人十分迷信神鬼,祭祀成为许多礼的表现形式或实际内容；礼与当时国家的组织结构、政治制度等密不可分；殷礼对周礼有很大影响,周礼因于殷礼的记载是可信之论,周礼确实是在对殷礼继承和改造后完善形成的；后世所谓的“五礼”的内容,从殷墟甲骨卜辞看,大多可以找到其史影。
[Abstract]:Shang Dynasty is an important historical period in the history of the development of ancient civilization in China . It has exerted great and far - reaching influence on the later generations .

Based on the detailed analysis , induction and research of Yin Ruins and related materials , this paper explores and mining the Yin - li in Shang Dynasty . The main contents include the military ceremony during the military recruitment of Shang Dynasty , the bride price of Shang King , the ceremonial and burial system of the Queen ' s marriage and the burial system , and the ritual of the worship of the Shang Dynasty and the princes , and the manners of the worship of the emperor and the God of the Quartet .

First , the military ceremony of Shang Dynasty . After the combing and research of the inscriptions on the war in the oracle bones , the military etiquette system of the Shang Dynasty was systematically excavated , and the temple and the plot were chosen and ordered . The study showed that the contents of the Shang Dynasty ' s military ceremony were rich , the instrument history was perfect , and the ancestor worship run through the war .

Second , Shang Dynasty ' s tour guard ceremony . The word " province " ( " ) " and so on is the record of the hunting of the Shang King . The object of the tour is mainly military affairs , the four sides of the cities and the military , and the production of the agricultural and animal husbandry . The specific manners include the occupation , the worship of the ancestors , the movement of the main entourage , the sacrifice of the river Yue and the sacrifice of the ancestors , etc . At the same time , it has its own characteristics , such as the random and frequent inspection of the hunting time , and the military occupation of the tour is still important , but the administrative content is already contained therein , and the special envoy system , such as the King ' s instruction of the dealer , and the envoy of the Prince of Prince , etc . appear .

From the study of the death of Queen Xiao ( ? ) in Oracle and its funeral , it is found that the legal spouse of the Shang Dynasty has the same name , and the legal spouse of Shangwang has the same high and low level , and it is an important form of strengthening the political union . It is also a great feature of the political life and an important form of the royal marriage system . The marriage and politics of the royal family in the Shang Dynasty are closely connected with politics and have certain gift constraints .

During the Shang Dynasty , the Shang Dynasty and the Chinese government decided the etiquette system of the pilgrimage between the princes , the ministers and the Shang Dynasty .

5 . It is the gift of the Shang Dynasty to the emperor and the sacrifice . The emperor is indeed the highest god in the merchant ' s mind , not one of the gods . In the sense of the word of the " Fang " , " Fang Di " is the rite of the worship of the emperor and God . The businessman has clear " square " and " square god " concept , and has adopted various ways to sacrifice , the purpose is to seek the year , the evil , the blessing , etc . The Fang God of the Shang Dynasty is not the land God , and it belongs to the Tianshen series . The four sides of the Shang Dynasty have both physical meaning and cosmic view connotation .

The research proves that the Shang Dynasty is not without " ceremony " , but it is rich in content and formal etiquette system ;
Yin people are very confused with gods , offering sacrifices to become the expression or actual content of many rites ;
The ceremony was inseparable from the organization structure and political system of the country .
Yin Li has a great influence on Zhou Li , and Zhou Li is believed to be credible because of the record of Yin and Li , and Zhou Li is indeed formed after the inheritance and transformation of Yin and Lilly ;
The so - called " five - ceremony " content , from Yin Ruins oracle bones , most can find its history .
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K877.1

【引证文献】