生物学方法去除纸质文物霉斑的研究

发布时间：2018-06-22 18:11

本文选题：纸质文物 + 保护　；参考：《辽宁大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：中国作为一个具有5000年历史的文明古国,历史为我们留下了大量的宝贵的不可再生的文化遗产,这些活态的文化遗产不仅构成了中华民族深厚的文化底蕴,也承载着中华民族文化渊源的基因,其中纸质文物即是中国古代文明进步的缩影之一。文物材质物理性质决定了纸质文物易受到酸、碱、光照、温度,湿度、霉菌等因素的影响而变黄、变脆、发霉、老化、粘连,其中以霉菌影响最为严重。空气中的霉菌孢子在适宜温度、pH、湿度条件下会在宣纸上生长繁殖,并会分泌大量的有机酸及色素等,这些代谢物会使纸张酸性增大,机械强度降低,形成不同颜色的霉斑,这不仅影响观瞻效果严重时则能导致文物面貌全非、损毁殆尽。大量资料表明,清除纸质文物上的霉斑是国内外文物保护专家普遍关注的重点和难点问题,迄今为止,仍没有成熟、可靠的方法可以借鉴。作为探索者,结合辽宁省博物馆的科研工作,我们以晚清年间书法作品的宣纸文物为研究对象,在确保文物无损的前提下,通过霉斑模拟、霉斑成份分析,进而对霉斑清洗方法展开研究,为霉菌防治和纸质文物保护提供科学依据。本论文主要研究内容如下：1、霉菌复苏、分离、纯化及菌株鉴定对书法作品上的霉菌菌株进行复苏、分离、纯化,选取五株纯化后菌进行鉴定,采用核糖体18S rDNA-ITS序列分析,从分子水平上确定了5个菌株,其中1号菌与2号菌均属于篮状菌属Talaromyces amestolkiae (HQ026745),3号菌为链格孢霉属Alternaria eichhorniae strain (KC146356),4号菌与5号菌均属于产黄青霉属Penicillium chrysogenum strain (HQ026745)。2、霉斑模拟及霉斑成份分析由于文物比较珍贵,不能直接用于试验,所以在研究前对文物上霉斑进行了模拟,供下一步霉斑成份分析及清洗研究使用。首先将产黄青霉菌接种到宣纸上,用软毛刷对霉菌菌丝进行处理,将霉斑作为研究对象,分别采用薄层分析法,氨基酸分析仪对其中多糖,氨基酸等成份进行分析,经测定多糖组成为半乳糖、葡萄糖、果糖、木糖、甘露糖。霉斑样品中组氨基酸含量比对照组高,约为对照组的20-30倍,其中半胱氨酸、异亮氨酸、组氨酸是霉斑样品特有的,对照组没有,两者均没有脯氨酸和色氨酸。3、生物酶复配清洗剂筛选及清洗条件优化针对霉斑中多糖及氨基酸分析结果,选用木瓜蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶和作为主要酶制剂,选择脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚羧酸钠(AEC)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AE09)、十二烷基聚葡萄糖苷(APG)3种表面活性剂与生物酶制成复配清洗剂。综合白度、光泽度、拉力强度、酸碱度等指标,确定木瓜蛋白酶与AE09复配体系,霉斑去除效果最好。清洗后纸样白度上升5.58,pH恢复至中性,光泽度、拉力强度与对照组比较无显著差异。
[Abstract]:As an ancient civilization with a history of 5,000 years, China's history has left us with a large number of valuable and non-renewable cultural heritage. These living cultural heritages not only constitute the profound cultural heritage of the Chinese nation, It also bears the genes of Chinese culture origin, among which the paper cultural relics are the epitome of the progress of ancient Chinese civilization. The physical properties of cultural relic material determine that the paper cultural relic is vulnerable to the influence of acid, alkali, illumination, temperature, humidity, mold and other factors, such as yellowing, brittle, mildew, aging and adhesion, in which mold is the most serious. The mold spores in the air will grow and reproduce on Xuan paper at suitable pH and humidity, and will secrete a large amount of organic acids and pigments. These metabolites will increase the acidity of the paper, reduce the mechanical strength, and form mold spots of different colors. This not only affects the visual effect of serious can lead to the appearance of cultural relics completely destroyed. A large number of data show that removing moldy spots on paper cultural relics is the focus and difficulty of domestic and foreign cultural relic protection experts. Up to now, there are still no mature and reliable methods to learn from. As an explorer, in combination with the scientific research work of the Liaoning Provincial Museum, we take the Xuan paper cultural relics of the calligraphy works of the late Qing Dynasty as the research objects. On the premise of ensuring that the cultural relics are not damaged, we use the mold spot simulation to analyze the composition of the mildew spots. Then, the cleaning method of mildew spot is studied, which provides scientific basis for the prevention and cure of mold and the protection of paper cultural relics. The main contents of this thesis are as follows: 1: 1, resuscitation, isolation, purification and identification of mycetes in calligraphy works. Five purified strains were selected for identification and ribosomal 18s rDNA-ITS sequence analysis. Five strains were identified at the molecular level, Both bacteria 1 and 2 belong to the genus Talaromyces amestolkiae (HQ026745), bacteria 3 belong to Alternaria eichhorniae strain (KC146356), bacteria 4 and 5 belong to Penicillium chrysogenum strain (HQ026745) .2. It can not be directly used in the test, so the mold spot on the cultural relics is simulated before the study, which can be used for the further analysis and cleaning of the mold spot. First of all, Penicillium xanthophylla was inoculated on the rice paper, treated with soft brush, and mildew spot was used as the research object. The polysaccharides and amino acids were analyzed by thin-layer analysis and amino acid analyzer, respectively. The polysaccharides were determined to be galactose, glucose, fructose, xylose, mannose. The content of amino acids in the samples of mould spot was 20-30 times higher than that in the control group, and cysteine, isoleucine and histidine were unique to the sample of mould spot, but not in the control group. There was no proline or tryptophan. The screening and cleaning conditions were optimized. The papain, trypsin, alkaline protease and the main enzyme preparation were selected for the analysis of polysaccharides and amino acids in mildew spot. Three surfactants, sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylate (AEC), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AE09) and dodecyl polyglucoside (APG), were selected to prepare the compound detergent. According to the indexes of whiteness, gloss, tensile strength, acidity and alkalinity, the best removal effect was obtained by determining the compound system of papain and AE09. After cleaning, the whiteness of the sample increased to a neutral pH value of 5.58 渭 m, and there was no significant difference in luster and tensile strength between the two groups.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：K876.9;Q93

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