中国河套及周边地区史前社会与早期文明进程研究

发布时间：2018-07-02 14:15

本文选题：河套及周边地区 + 母系氏族社会　；参考：《重庆师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：河套及周边地区是研究中国史前社会与早期文明进程的中心区域之一。经过近一个世纪的发掘和研究,发现了丰富的地下遗存,并建立了较完备的史前文化体系,为建构我国早期文明进程多元一体化特征提供了重要的例证。河套及周边地区的史前社会与早期文明进程大概经历了四个阶段。距今约8000~6700年间,属于老官台文化阶段。原始农业畜牧业已经出现并有了进一步发展,但渔猎经济仍占据十分重要地位;原始的手工业技术已经产生,但制作技术较为粗糙,单一。其社会组织处在母系氏族社会阶段并出现了偶婚制家族的萌芽。原始的宗教意识已经产生。距今约6700~6200年间,属于仰韶文化半坡类型阶段。农作物种类,粮食产量都有所增加,犁耕农业开始萌芽;蓄养家畜的种类和数量都有所增加;出现了慢轮修理口沿的陶器制作技术以及手工业和农业分离的萌芽,简单的穿孔、抛光的石器制造技术,金属制造和玉器的切割技术开始出现。社会组织已经发展到偶婚制家族阶段,男女地位由平等甚至女性略高发展到男性地位开始逐渐居于女性之上的现象。本阶段图腾崇拜意识、特殊的“割体礼仪”、大型祭祀、早期萌芽状态的文字等的出现体现了宗教祭祀以及史前艺术的进一步发展。距今约6200~5200年间,属于仰韶文化史家类型经庙底沟类型到仰韶文化西王村类型早段。社会生产力进一步发展,农业生产规模进一步扩大,手工业上慢轮修理现象已经相当普遍,在局部地区还出现了快轮修理小器物的技术。社会组织发展到家长制家庭公社阶段,距今5900~5500年间陇东地区出现了酋邦社会,公元前4000~公元前3500的关中地区出现了早期城址起源,距今5500左右出现专偶制家庭的起源,男性地位进一步提高,出现了对男性的崇拜现象。距今约5200~3900年间,属于仰韶文化西王村类型晚段到龙山时代文化晚期。此阶段农作物产量进一步增大,小麦开始种植,快轮制陶和模制技术开始普及,铜器冶炼技术和玉器制作技术进一步发展,丝纺织开始出现。社会组织已普遍进入了专偶制家庭阶段,阶级开始分化,男性完全占据主导地位,开始奴役和压迫女性,成熟文字开始出现,宗教文化进一步普及。内蒙古中南部地区在距今约5000~4300年出现了具有军事防御性质的石城群址,并出现了利用巫师阶层统治的初级酋邦社会。距今约4300~3900年的陕北石峁古城、山西陶寺古城阶级的萌芽、大型宫殿遗址、掌握公共权力的“警察”等特点的出现,标志着国家的产生,是河套及周边地区从原始社会走向文明的标志,为探索我国早期国家形成、文明进程提供了重要的例证,具有重要的意义。河套及周边地区四个阶段演进状况的研究,与摩尔根、恩格斯提出史前社会四个发展阶段的理论基本一致,惟家长制家庭公社在河套及周边地区持续了近一千年的时间,持续时间较长,这与恩格斯认为的在农业社会出现后至文明时代开始前的绝大部分时段处于偶婚制家庭阶段,只在专偶制家庭出现前的短时段内是家长制家庭公社的观点不同。河套及周边地区文明进程研究为检验、丰富和完善了马克思主义的文明起源理论提供一个典型的例证,在是我国文明进程史上居于重要的地位。
[Abstract]:The Hetao and its surrounding areas are one of the central areas for the study of the prehistoric and early civilizations of China. After nearly a century of excavation and research, abundant underground remains have been found and a more complete prehistoric culture system has been established, which provides an important example for the construction of the multi-dimensional characteristics of the early civilization of China. The prehistoric society of the region and the process of early civilization have probably experienced four stages. About 8000~6700 years ago, it belonged to the cultural stage of the old official platform. The original agricultural and animal husbandry has appeared and developed further, but the fishing and hunting economy still occupies a very important position; the original handicraft technology has been produced, but the production technology is relatively rough and single. The social organization is at the stage of the matriarchal clan society and the germination of the marriage family. The original religious consciousness has come into being. About 6700~6200 years ago, it belongs to the stage of the half slope of Yangshao culture. The varieties of crops, grain yield have increased, the plough agriculture began to bud; the species and quantity of livestock raised; The technology of making pottery of the slow wheel repair mouth, the sprout of the separation of handicraft and agriculture, the simple perforation, the polishing of the stone manufacture technology, the manufacturing of metal and the cutting technology of the jade, the social organization has developed into the family phase of the marriage system, and the status of men and women is gradually developed from equal to the female to the male status. The appearance of totem worship, special "cut body etiquette", large sacrifices, and the early germination state of the text, such as the appearance of the religious worship and the further development of prehistoric art. About 6200~5200 years ago, it belongs to the type of Yangshao historian through the temple bottom type to the early stage of the Yangshao culture West Wang village type. The social productivity was further developed, the scale of agricultural production was further expanded, and the phenomenon of slow wheel repair in the handicraft industry was quite common. In some areas there was a rapid wheel repair technology. The social organization developed to the paternalistic family commune stage. The Emirates society appeared in East Longdong area from 5900~5500 years ago, and 4000~ B.C. In 3500 of Guanzhong area, the origin of the early city site appeared, and the origin of the even family family appeared about 5500 years ago. The male status was further improved, and the worship to men appeared. During the period of 5200~3900, it belonged to the late stage of the Yangshao culture West Wang village to the late Longshan culture. First planting, fast wheel making and molding technology began to popularize, copper smelting technology and jade making technology further developed, silk textile began to develop, silk textile began to appear. Social organizations have generally entered the special family stage, class began to differentiate, men completely dominate, began to enslave and oppress women, the mature text began to appear, religious culture entered into A step of popularization. In the region of South Central Inner Mongolia, about 5000~4300 years ago, there appeared the site of the stone city group with the nature of military defense, and the primary chieftain society which was ruled by the wizard class. The ancient city of Shimao in northern Shanxi, the sprout of the ancient city class in the Shanxi temple, the large Palace site and the "police" of public power. The emergence of such characteristics marks the emergence of the country, which is the symbol of the river Bush and its surrounding areas from primitive society to civilization. It provides an important example for the exploration of the early state formation and civilization process in our country. The study of the four stages of the evolution of the Hetao and its surrounding areas, and Morgan, and Engels put forward the four prehistoric society. The theory of the development stage is basically consistent, but the parents' family commune has lasted for nearly one thousand years in the Hetao and its surrounding areas for a long time, which is in the order of the even marriage family in the most period of time before the emergence of the agricultural society to the beginning of the civilized age, only in the short period before the emergence of the special family family, which Engels thought. The views of the patriarchal family commune are different. The study of the civilization process in the Hetao and its surrounding areas is the test, which provides a typical example for enriching and perfecting the theory of the origin of Marx's civilization, which is an important place in the history of China's civilization.
【学位授予单位】：重庆师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K878

【参考文献】