中国澄泥砚工艺研究
发布时间：2018-07-28 11:10
【摘要】：澄泥砚,中国最具代表性的非石质砚台,它完全由人工烧制而成,色彩造型多变,极具实用性与艺术性,在很长的历史时期内都以其“贮墨不耗,积墨不腐”、“呵气生津,触手生晕”、“发墨而不损毫”等特点在中国名砚中具有非常重要的地位。澄泥砚的制作利用泥料烧制而不依赖于天然石材,其工艺源远流长,因此是中国历代名砚中最具技术史研究价值的一种。 砚作为中国文房四宝之一,是根据中国传统书写和绘画的特有需要产生的。本文以中国砚台的起源为研究起点,对中国古代砚台的演变及澄泥砚的出现、发展历程进行了分析讨论,并在此基础上重点对澄泥砚制作的工艺流程、技术特点、关键技艺以及澄泥砚的理化性质等相关问题分别进行了详细的研究与讨论。 砚的前身为原始研磨器,它的历史可以追溯到新石器时代,砚最初的汉字表示也并不是“砚”字,而是“研”字。本文通过对古代文献以及出土砚墨实物材料的分析,理清了中国古代砚台形成初期一直以来模糊不清的形制演变过程,论述了从“研”字到“砚”字的变化正是对应东汉时期砚台形制的最初演变阶段,且这种演变与墨的形制改变有着直接联系。这种形制演变意味着真正意义上“砚台”的诞生,同时也直接导致了人们对多种制砚材料的探索,非石质砚因此而生。而澄泥砚则是非石质砚发展到一定历史时期的产物,可以说代表了中国古代非石质砚的最高成就。本文通过对古代文献的系统整理分析,结合现存实物证据,得出澄泥砚初创始于唐代,但得名于宋代的结论,并进一步对澄泥砚的初创地、各时期澄泥砚制作的特征表现进行了考辨,理清了澄泥砚制作工艺的发展及历代流传分布的脉络,且进一步将澄泥砚与同属于非石质砚的陶砚、瓦砚、瓷砚制作工艺的区别与联系进行了比较分析。 在对古代澄泥砚制作工艺相关文献资料进行充分了解的前提下,笔者对当代山西省新绛县“绛州澄泥砚”制作工艺、河南省新安县“河洛澄泥砚”制作工艺、“虢州澄泥砚”制作工艺分别进行了实地工艺调查,在运用拍照、录像等手段对当代澄泥砚制作工艺进行记录的同时,也对其中一些关键工艺进行了亲自操作。本文中不仅对当代各地澄泥砚的制作工艺流程进行了全面的记录与整理,也对其彼此间的工艺差异进行了充分的讨论。同时,为了能更深入的了解澄泥砚制作技艺的古今异同,笔者将当代澄泥砚制作工艺中的关键步骤与相关古代文献中的工艺记载进行了比较研究,尽可能从科学角度进行了解读。 鉴于中国澄泥砚制作工艺在历史上曾出现中断的特殊背景,以及人们对澄泥砚还未有基于现代科学分析角度的客观研究现状,笔者对澄泥砚制作工艺进行了模拟实验,对澄泥砚的制作原料、理化性质进行了分别讨论,在对澄泥砚制作工艺多个关键步骤进行了重复模拟实验的基础上,得出了澄泥砚的最佳烧成温度、古代文献中所提“入黄丹”的作用及最佳配比、“入墨蜡”的多种可行方式等重要结论。 最后,由于澄泥砚制作工艺是我国重要的非物质文化遗产,虽然其在2008年6月已经作为砚台制作技艺的一种被列入“第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录”中的传统技艺类别,但当代澄泥砚制作工艺的保护与传承仍然存在一些问题与困境。因此本文在以上综合研究的基础上,就澄泥砚制作工艺的保护价值、保护措施等方面问题提出了一些思考和建议,这对我国澄泥砚制作工艺的保护乃至其它一些类似传统手工技艺保护的研究都具有一定的积极意义和参考价值。
[Abstract]:Chengmud inkstone, the most representative non stone slab in China, is completely made of artificially. The color modeling is changeable, it is very practical and artistic. In the long historical period, it is very important in Chinese name inkstone that it has its characteristics in Chinese ink stones, such as "storing ink, making ink not rotten", "gamping Qi and making water, touching hands and halo", "making ink without losing hair". The production of clay inkstone, which is made of clay, is not dependent on natural stone, and its process has a long history. Therefore, it is one of the most technical history research values of Chinese famous inkstones.
As one of the four treasures of Chinese culture, inkstone is produced according to the unique needs of Chinese traditional writing and painting. This paper, taking the origin of Chinese inkstone as the starting point, analyzes the evolution of ancient Chinese inkstones and the emergence and development of Chengdu inkstone, and on this basis focuses on the technological process and technical characteristics of the production of Chengdu inkstone. The key techniques and physicochemical properties of Chengyan inkstone were studied and discussed in detail.
The predecessor of the inkstone is the original grinder, its history can be traced back to the Neolithic age, and the original ink of the inkstone is not "inkstone", but the word "Yan". This article, through the analysis of ancient documents and unearthed inkstone materials, clarifies the evolution process of the obscure form of the ancient Chinese inkstones. The change from the word "Yan" to "inkstone" is the initial stage of the evolution of the shape of the inkstone in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and this evolution has a direct connection with the change of the shape of the ink. This form of shape changes means the birth of the "inkstone" in a real sense, and it has also directly led to the exploration of a variety of inkstone materials, not the stone inkstone. This is the product of the development of the non stone inkstone to a certain historical period. It can be said to represent the highest achievement of the ancient Chinese non stone inkstone. Through the systematic analysis of the ancient literature and the existing physical evidence, it was concluded that the Chengdu and inkstone began in the Tang Dynasty, but was named in the Song Dynasty, and further to the chengyat inkstone. At the beginning, the characteristics of the production of Cheng clay stone and inkstone made in various periods were examined, and the development of the technology of making the Chengdu inkstone was clarified and the distribution and distribution of all past generations was clarified, and the differences and relations between the Chengdu inkstone and the pottery inkstone, tile inkstone and porcelain inkstone were compared and analyzed.
On the premise of full understanding of the documents related to the production process of ancient clay inkstone, the author makes a process for the production of "Jiang Zhou Chengdu inkstone" in Xinjiang county, Shanxi Province, and the manufacturing technology of "Heluo clay inkstone" in Xin'an County, Henan province. At the same time, the production process of the modern clay inkstone is recorded, and some of the key technologies are also operated in person. This paper not only records and collate the process flow of the making of the clay inkstone in the contemporary times, but also discusses the technological differences between them. At the same time, in order to get a more thorough understanding of the Chengdu inkstone. The author makes a comparative study of the key steps in the production process of the contemporary Chengdu inkstone and the related technical records in the ancient literature, and interprets it as far as possible from the scientific point of view.
In view of the special background that the production technology of Chinese clay stone inkstone has been interrupted in history, and there is no objective research situation based on modern scientific analysis, the author has carried out a simulation experiment on the production process of chengyat inkstone, and discussed the raw materials and physical and chemical properties of chengat inkstone. On the basis of repeated simulation experiments, the best firing temperature of Chengdu inkstone was obtained. The effect and optimum ratio of "entering yellow Dan" in ancient literature, and many feasible ways of "ininking wax" were concluded.
Finally, as Cheng Yat inkstone production technology is an important intangible cultural heritage of our country, although it has been included in the "second batch of national intangible cultural heritage list" as a traditional art category in June 2008, there are still some problems and difficulties in the protection and inheritance of the production and inheritance of the modern inkstone. Therefore, on the basis of the comprehensive research above, this paper puts forward some thoughts and suggestions on the protection value and protection measures of the production technology of Chengdu inkstone, which has certain positive significance and reference value for the protection of the production technology of the Chengdu inkstone and even some other studies similar to the traditional handicraft protection.
【学位授予单位】：中国科学技术大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：J528;K875.4
本文编号：2149931
[Abstract]:Chengmud inkstone, the most representative non stone slab in China, is completely made of artificially. The color modeling is changeable, it is very practical and artistic. In the long historical period, it is very important in Chinese name inkstone that it has its characteristics in Chinese ink stones, such as "storing ink, making ink not rotten", "gamping Qi and making water, touching hands and halo", "making ink without losing hair". The production of clay inkstone, which is made of clay, is not dependent on natural stone, and its process has a long history. Therefore, it is one of the most technical history research values of Chinese famous inkstones.
As one of the four treasures of Chinese culture, inkstone is produced according to the unique needs of Chinese traditional writing and painting. This paper, taking the origin of Chinese inkstone as the starting point, analyzes the evolution of ancient Chinese inkstones and the emergence and development of Chengdu inkstone, and on this basis focuses on the technological process and technical characteristics of the production of Chengdu inkstone. The key techniques and physicochemical properties of Chengyan inkstone were studied and discussed in detail.
The predecessor of the inkstone is the original grinder, its history can be traced back to the Neolithic age, and the original ink of the inkstone is not "inkstone", but the word "Yan". This article, through the analysis of ancient documents and unearthed inkstone materials, clarifies the evolution process of the obscure form of the ancient Chinese inkstones. The change from the word "Yan" to "inkstone" is the initial stage of the evolution of the shape of the inkstone in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and this evolution has a direct connection with the change of the shape of the ink. This form of shape changes means the birth of the "inkstone" in a real sense, and it has also directly led to the exploration of a variety of inkstone materials, not the stone inkstone. This is the product of the development of the non stone inkstone to a certain historical period. It can be said to represent the highest achievement of the ancient Chinese non stone inkstone. Through the systematic analysis of the ancient literature and the existing physical evidence, it was concluded that the Chengdu and inkstone began in the Tang Dynasty, but was named in the Song Dynasty, and further to the chengyat inkstone. At the beginning, the characteristics of the production of Cheng clay stone and inkstone made in various periods were examined, and the development of the technology of making the Chengdu inkstone was clarified and the distribution and distribution of all past generations was clarified, and the differences and relations between the Chengdu inkstone and the pottery inkstone, tile inkstone and porcelain inkstone were compared and analyzed.
On the premise of full understanding of the documents related to the production process of ancient clay inkstone, the author makes a process for the production of "Jiang Zhou Chengdu inkstone" in Xinjiang county, Shanxi Province, and the manufacturing technology of "Heluo clay inkstone" in Xin'an County, Henan province. At the same time, the production process of the modern clay inkstone is recorded, and some of the key technologies are also operated in person. This paper not only records and collate the process flow of the making of the clay inkstone in the contemporary times, but also discusses the technological differences between them. At the same time, in order to get a more thorough understanding of the Chengdu inkstone. The author makes a comparative study of the key steps in the production process of the contemporary Chengdu inkstone and the related technical records in the ancient literature, and interprets it as far as possible from the scientific point of view.
In view of the special background that the production technology of Chinese clay stone inkstone has been interrupted in history, and there is no objective research situation based on modern scientific analysis, the author has carried out a simulation experiment on the production process of chengyat inkstone, and discussed the raw materials and physical and chemical properties of chengat inkstone. On the basis of repeated simulation experiments, the best firing temperature of Chengdu inkstone was obtained. The effect and optimum ratio of "entering yellow Dan" in ancient literature, and many feasible ways of "ininking wax" were concluded.
Finally, as Cheng Yat inkstone production technology is an important intangible cultural heritage of our country, although it has been included in the "second batch of national intangible cultural heritage list" as a traditional art category in June 2008, there are still some problems and difficulties in the protection and inheritance of the production and inheritance of the modern inkstone. Therefore, on the basis of the comprehensive research above, this paper puts forward some thoughts and suggestions on the protection value and protection measures of the production technology of Chengdu inkstone, which has certain positive significance and reference value for the protection of the production technology of the Chengdu inkstone and even some other studies similar to the traditional handicraft protection.
【学位授予单位】：中国科学技术大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：J528;K875.4
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