从两种文化特征上看中原文化何长盛不衰的内因

发布时间：2018-08-06 15:15

【摘要】：本文首先分析了红山文化、良渚文化以及中原文化的文化特点,把以红山文化、良渚文化为代表的文化归类为巫文化;把以中原文化代表的文化归类为食文化。随后对不同类型的文化进行分析,论证巫文化的不合理性、食文化的合理性,从而找出不同类型的文化兴衰的内在原因。红山文化、良渚文化发现了较多的与祭祀相关的遗存,在中国史前诸新石器文化中是比较突出的,既有红山文化特有的女神庙、积石冢,也有红山文化、良渚文化中都存在的祭坛,这些遗迹说明红山人和良渚人当时举行了各式各样的祭祀活动的,为这两种史前文化深深打上了“巫”的烙印。红山文化的勾云形玉器、玉人及各种动物形玉器、良渚文化的琮、璧、神徽等清楚的显示了红山文化、良渚文化玉器的主要功用不是用来作为装饰,而是祭祀活动所用的法器,从另一个角度显示了其文化的“巫”性。红山文化与良渚文化的玉器的作用主要作为祭祀用器,墓葬大量出现这些玉器,几乎没见陶器或少见陶器,暗示了祭祀在红山人和良渚人社会生活中处于最高地位,是他们的头等大事。在中原地区陶器以及青铜时代出现的青铜礼器一直被作为最重要的随葬器物。礼器的出现,并不能代表中原文化祭祀活动的增多,相反,绝大多的青铜礼器的器类皆为食器,把食器当作最重要的祭礼器物,本身就说明了中原文化对食的重视。中原玉器从开始的礼器,经过三代的演化,到了西周末期,已经主要成为了装饰用品,逐渐丧失了最初的祭祀功能。晚商时期的频繁的祭祀活动加速了商王朝的灭亡,进入西周时期,祭祀活动就大为减少,人殉、人祭行为从西周早期到晚期渐渐废除,占卜也不象晚商那样频繁,发现的西周甲骨的数量远少于晚商时期。中原文化的“巫”性可以说在晚商昙花一现,最终没有发展起来。持续的祭祀活动,给红山文化和良渚文化带来了灭顶之灾。无论它们的后续文化是否是前者发展而来,作为红山文化和良渚文化的特征比如庙、坛、冢、琮、璧、神徽等都已经在各自的后续文化中消失或很少存在,因而就文化本身来说,它们已经消亡。虽然在后来的有些地区的文化中还零星发现一些红山文化和良渚文化的因素,但这些因素构不成相应文化的典型或代表性特征,或者由于在文化因素上没有承袭关系,红山文化与良渚文化所代表的一种“巫”性文化结束了自己的历史过程,而以中原文化为代表的“食”性文化不断发展壮大。
[Abstract]:This paper first analyzes the cultural characteristics of Hongshan culture, Liangzhu culture and Central Plains culture, classifies the culture represented by Hongshan Culture and Liangzhu Culture as witch culture, and classifies the culture represented by Central Plains Culture as feeding culture. Then it analyzes the different types of culture and proves the irrationality of witch culture and the rationality of food culture, so as to find out the internal reasons for the rise and fall of different types of culture. Hongshan culture, Liangzhu culture has found more relics related to sacrifice, which is more prominent in the Neolithic culture of China, including the unique goddess temple of Hongshan culture, stone mounds, and Hongshan culture. The altars that exist in Liangzhu culture show that Hongshan people and Liangzhu people held various kinds of sacrificial activities at that time, which deeply branded these two prehistoric cultures as "witches". The jade objects of the Hongshan culture such as cloud shaped jade, jade people and all kinds of animal shaped jade, cong of Liangzhu culture, twigs, gods and emblems clearly show that the main function of jade articles in Hongshan culture is not to be used as decoration, but to be used as legal objects for sacrificial activities. From another angle, it shows the "witchcraft" of its culture. The role of jade objects in Hongshan culture and Liangzhu culture was mainly used as sacrificial objects. These jade objects appeared in large numbers in tombs, with few pottery or rare pottery, implying that sacrifice held the highest position in the social life of Hongshan people and Liangzhu people. It's their top priority. Pottery in the Central Plains and bronze ritual objects in the Bronze Age have been regarded as the most important funerary objects. The appearance of ritual utensils does not represent the increase of cultural sacrificial activities in the Central Plains. On the contrary, most of the vessels of bronze ritual objects are food utensils. Taking food utensils as the most important ceremonial objects shows that the culture of the Central Plains attaches importance to food. After three generations of evolution from the beginning of the Central Plains Jade artifacts to the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty has mainly become a decorative articles gradually lost the original sacrificial function. The frequent sacrificial activities in the late Shang Dynasty accelerated the demise of the Shang Dynasty. When the Western Zhou Dynasty entered the Western Zhou Dynasty, the sacrificial activities were greatly reduced, people died for death, and the acts of human sacrifice were gradually abolished from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the late period, and the divination was not as frequent as the late Shang Dynasty. The number of oracle bones found in the Western Zhou Dynasty was much less than in the late Shang period. The "sorcery" of the Central Plains culture can be said to be ephemeral in the late Shang Dynasty, but did not develop in the end. The continuous sacrificial activities brought disaster to Hongshan culture and Liangzhu culture. Whether or not their subsequent cultures are developed from the former, as the characteristics of the Hongshan and Liangzhu cultures, such as temples, altars, mounds, cong, pieces, gods and emblems, they have disappeared or rarely existed in their respective subsequent cultures. Thus, in terms of culture itself, they have died. Although some elements of the Hongshan and Liangzhu cultures were found sporadically in some later cultures, these factors did not form a typical or representative feature of the corresponding culture, or were not inherited from the cultural factors. Hongshan culture and Liangzhu culture represent a kind of "witchcraft" culture that ends its own historical process, while the "eating" culture represented by the Central Plains culture develops and grows.
【学位授予单位】：重庆师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K878

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