以礼制俗:明初礼制与墓室壁画传统的骤衰

发布时间：2018-09-12 10:18

【摘要】：壁画墓是中国具有悠久历史的墓葬形式,宋代以来仿木构砖雕壁画墓兴起,更将其推至艺术顶峰。然而进入明代后,壁画墓的数量却骤然衰减,成为艺术史研究关注的一个重要问题。明代墓室壁画这种骤然而非渐进式的衰落,促使本文跳出“内在理路”的解释方式,转而探寻干预墓葬艺术发展的外部因素。在重建礼制的时代背景下,明初颁布了大量与房舍相关的礼仪规范,它们不仅适用于地上建筑,也影响到作为“阴宅”的墓室。这些规范涉及房舍的形制、装饰各个方面,诸如重檐斗拱、壁画彩绘等仿木构壁画墓所要表现的内容,均在严厉禁止之列。在建造方面,具备一定艺术水准的壁画墓,必须要由分工明确的专业匠人完成,非普通人可以措手;然而明代前期沿袭匠户制度,对工匠的创作约束极严,而且明初还专门确立了“罪坐工匠”的处罚原则,以求从根本上防范“逾制”现象的发生。综合以上因素,本文认为明初严格的礼制规范与社会监控,是导致墓室壁画传统衰落最为直接的原因。这不仅是墓葬艺术史上的一大转折,而且为明初国家权力干预民间生活的深度,提供了很好的例证。
[Abstract]:Mural tombs are the tombs with a long history in China. However, since the Ming Dynasty, the number of mural tombs has suddenly declined, which has become an important issue in the study of art history. The sudden rather than gradual decline of tomb murals in the Ming Dynasty prompted this article to jump out of the explanation of "internal rationalism" and to explore the external factors that interfere with the development of tomb art. Under the background of reconstructing the ritual system, a large number of rules of etiquette related to houses were promulgated in the early Ming Dynasty, which not only applied to the buildings on the ground, but also affected the tombs as "Yin houses". These regulations deal with the shape of the building, decoration of all aspects, such as the heavy eaves of the bucket arch, murals painting and other imitation wooden mural tombs to show content, are strictly prohibited. In terms of construction, mural tombs with a certain artistic level must be completed by professional craftsmen who have a clear division of labor, and not ordinary people can take action. However, in the early Ming Dynasty, the system of craftsmen followed the system of craftsmen, and the creation of craftsmen was severely restricted. Moreover, in the early Ming Dynasty, the punishment principle of "crime sitting craftsman" was specially established in order to prevent the phenomenon of "exceeding the system" fundamentally. Combined with the above factors, this paper holds that the strict rules of etiquette and social supervision in the early Ming Dynasty are the most direct reasons leading to the decline of the tomb murals tradition. This is not only a great turning point in the history of tomb art, but also provides a good example for the state power to interfere with the depth of folk life in the early Ming Dynasty.
【作者单位】：复旦大学文史研究院;
【分类号】：K879.41

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