甘青地区青铜时代墓葬中随葬动物习俗研究

发布时间：2018-10-24 18:06

【摘要】：甘肃和青海两地的青铜时代墓葬中,普遍流行随葬动物的习俗。本文对这种习俗在该地区的时空演变过程作了深入研究。并在此基础上讨论了该习俗的渊源、发展过程、引起该习俗变化的经济因素以及与周边地区文化的关系等问题。通过以上研究表明,甘青地区随葬动物习俗的时空变化主要表现为:从时间看,随葬动物的种类和数量较前期增多,随葬动物的方式趋于固定;从空间看,随葬动物的习俗经历了一个由河湟地区向河西走廊、湟水上游、甘肃东北部扩散的过程,随着空间的变化随葬动物的种类和随葬方式也随之变化。甘青地区自齐家文化开始流行随葬动物的习俗,齐家文化早期的墓葬中流行猪随葬,晚期的墓葬中羊的数量增多,猪的数量减少。齐家文化之后,随葬动物的习俗开始在四坝文化、卡约文化、寺洼文化、沙井文化中盛行。四坝文化早期的墓葬中盛行用羊、猪、马、狗随葬,以羊为主,猪次之。四坝文化晚期的墓葬中随葬动物的习俗开始衰落。卡约文化早期的墓葬中流行犬、牛、羊随葬,晚期墓葬中流行羊、马、牛随葬。寺洼文化早期墓葬中流行羊角随葬。寺洼文化晚期墓葬中流行用牛、羊、马和猪,牛的数量最多,其次为羊、马和猪。沙井文化早期的墓葬中随葬动物以羊为主,猪、马次之。沙井文化晚期墓葬中盛行以羊、牛、马随葬。随葬动物多以动物躯体的某一部位随葬,猪以下颌骨随葬为主,羊、牛、马、犬偶见用头骨随葬外,主要以下肢骨随葬为主,偶见用整个动物随葬。随葬动物的摆放位置有墓内填土中、墓内二层台和墓主人身体一侧。甘青地区随葬动物的种类经历了由以猪为主向以牛、马、羊为主的转变过程,可能是甘青地区经济生产方式由农业向半农半牧或畜牧业的转变导致的。甘青地区随葬动物的习俗可能由裴李岗文化舞阳贾湖类型墓葬中随葬动物习俗向西传播到了仰韶文化中,后经仰韶文化传播到了甘青地区。通过随葬品和葬俗的比较发现,甘青地区与中原地区、内蒙古中南部、新疆东部地区有着较为密切的文化联系。
[Abstract]:In the Bronze Age tombs of Gansu and Qinghai, the custom of funerary animals was prevalent. This paper makes an in-depth study of the temporal and spatial evolution of this custom in this area. On this basis, the origin and development process of the custom, the economic factors causing the change of the custom and the relationship between the customs and the culture in the surrounding areas are discussed. The results show that the temporal and spatial changes of animal mores in Gansu and Qing areas are as follows: from the time perspective, the species and number of animals are increasing, and the modus operandi of burial animals tends to be fixed; from the space point of view, The practice of funerary animals experienced a process of spreading from Hehuang area to Hexi Corridor, the upper reaches of Huangshui River and the northeast of Gansu Province. With the change of space, the species of animals and the way of burial also changed. The customs of animal burial began to be popular in Ganqing area since Qijia culture. Pig burial was popular in early Qijia culture, and the number of sheep increased and the number of pigs decreased in late tombs. After Qijia culture, the custom of animal burial began to prevail in Siba culture, Kayo culture, Siwa culture and manhole culture. Sheep, pigs, horses and dogs were popular in the early tombs of Siba culture, mainly sheep, followed by pigs. The custom of burying animals in late Siba tombs began to decline. Dogs, cattle and sheep were popular in early Kayo tombs, and sheep, horses and cattle were popular in late tombs. Siwa culture in the early tombs popular funerary Yangjiao. Cattle, sheep, horses and pigs were the most popular in the late period of Siwa culture, followed by sheep, horses and pigs. In the early tombs of Shajing culture, sheep was the main burial animal, followed by pigs and horses. Sheep, cattle and horses are popular in the late stage of manhole culture. Most of the funerary animals were buried in a certain part of the animal body, the pig was mainly buried with the mandible, the sheep, cattle, horse and dog were buried with the skull, mainly with the lower limb bone, and occasionally with the whole animal. Burial animals are placed in the tomb, the second floor and the body side of the tomb owner. The variety of animals buried in Gansu and Qing areas has undergone a process of transformation from pig to cattle, horse and sheep, which may be caused by the transformation of economic production mode from agriculture to semi-agriculture and semi-grazing or animal husbandry in Gansu and Qing areas. The practice of animal burial in Ganqing area may have been spread westward to Yangshao culture from Peligang culture to Jia-Hu tomb, and then to Ganqing area through Yangshao culture. Through the comparison of funerary objects and burial customs, it is found that there are close cultural ties between Ganqing and Central Plains, central and southern Inner Mongolia, and eastern Xinjiang.
【学位授予单位】：重庆师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K878.8;K892.22

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