商周青铜觥的整理与研究
发布时间：2018-10-25 09:14
【摘要】：青铜觥最早出现于安阳殷墟妇好墓中,属殷墟二期。青铜觥是一类比较特殊的青铜礼器,一般使用于等级较高的墓葬中。它一经出现器形和纹饰各方面就相当完善,在商代晚期数量较多,西周中后期逐渐消失。以往学术界对于青铜觥进行专门研究的学者很少,更是鲜有涉及青铜觥的起源、演变、组合以及和其他器形之间的关系。 本文通过搜集出土、传世青铜觥,在前人研究成果基础上,采用统计学、类型学和文化因素分析法等方法对青铜觥进行综合研究。主要包括以下几个部分： 第一部分：包括绪论和文章的第一章。梳理了自宋以来青铜觥研究现状,区分了青铜觥在历代著录、研究中出现的与其他器类错用、混用的现象。明确了青铜觥研究的必要性和重要性。动物形觥在形制上和匝、鸟兽尊、爵常被混淆,本文结合相关器类,分析青铜觥的器形特点,试为其形制判定提出依据,并就青铜觥的功用问题有所结论。 第二部分：青铜觥的类型学分析。根据青铜觥足部的变化和整体写实感的强弱将其分为三型：A型为动物型觥即三足或四足觥；B型为圈足觥,这个类型的青铜觥数量较多,持续的时间也比较长,基本存在于青铜觥的整个发展阶段。根据这类圈足觥的圈足变化,将其分为圆圈足和方圈足两个亚型；C型指角型觥,它的器形似牛角或兕角,没有复杂的纹饰和动物形象。另外有一些特殊形制的青铜觥也会在文中加以介绍。以类型学研究为基础,将青铜觥划分为四期六段,研究发现殷墟四期,青铜觥在数量上最多,器物形制上最为完善同时精美、大气,为青铜觥发展的高峰期。西周中期数量减少,开始走向衰落。 第三部分：出土青铜觥的组合关系及族属分析。本文搜集出土青铜觥共45件,大部分集中于河南、陕西,在山东、山西、河北、江苏、安徽等地只有少量出土。通过对不用时期器物组合的分析、对比,得出出土青铜觥的墓葬等级。对觥的族徽文字进行分析,发现青铜觥为商人和商遗民所用祭祀礼器,且墓主人的社会地位较高,多为方国首领或者上层贵族,握有兵权。在文化因素上,除河南地区以外其他地区青铜觥拥有多种文化元素的融合。 第四部分：青铜觥的纹饰分析。通过统计青铜觥各部分纹饰的使用情况发现,装饰中采用满花和“三层花”手法的非常多,动物纹饰的运用尤为发达,通过对纹饰的分析可以看到当时人们的审美眼光和宗教信仰。这也正是青铜觥的背后所蕴含的深刻意义之一。 第五部分：青铜觥的衰落。结合出土青铜觥的地域、使用者、以及觥的特殊的功用,总结其逐渐走向消亡的几点原因。青铜觥的消亡和当时特有的政治、历史环境以及其本身的变化有着密切的联系。
[Abstract]:Bronze Gong first appeared in the tomb of Yin ruins in Anyang, belonging to the second phase of Yin ruins. Bronze gong is a kind of special bronze sacrificial ware, which is generally used in high-grade tombs. As soon as it appeared, it was quite perfect in various aspects, and in the late Shang Dynasty, it disappeared gradually in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty. In the past, there were few scholars in the academic circles specializing in the study of bronze gong, but also few related to the origin, evolution, combination and the relationship between the bronze gong and other vessel shapes. On the basis of the previous research results, this paper makes a comprehensive study on bronze gong by means of statistics, typology and cultural factor analysis. Mainly includes the following several parts: the first part: includes the introduction and the first chapter of the article. The present research situation of bronze Gong since Song Dynasty is combed, and the phenomenon of bronze gong being misused and mixed with other objects in the past dynasties is distinguished. The necessity and importance of bronze gong research are clarified. The shape of the gong is often confused with that of the turn, the bird and the beast, and the viscera. In this paper, the characteristics of the shape of the bronze gong are analyzed, and the basis for its shape determination is put forward, and the function of the bronze gong is also discussed in this paper. The second part: the typology analysis of bronze gong. According to the changes in the bronze gong feet and the strength of the overall realistic feeling, they can be divided into three types: type A is an animal gong, that is, a three-legged or four-legged gong, and type B is a ring-footed gong, which has a larger number and a longer duration. It basically exists in the whole development stage of bronze gong. According to the changes of the circular pods of this kind of pods, they can be divided into two subtypes: the circular pods and the square ring-pods; the C-type finger pods are shaped like horns or horns, without complicated ornamentation and animal images. In addition, a number of special forms of bronze gong will also be introduced in the article. On the basis of typology research, bronze gong is divided into four periods and six sections. It is found that bronze gong is the most abundant in quantity, the most perfect in form and exquisite in shape, and the atmosphere is the peak period of bronze gong development. The number of Western Zhou decreased and began to decline. The third part: unearthed bronze gong combination relationship and clan analysis. In this paper, 45 bronzes were collected, mostly concentrated in Henan, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui and other places only a few unearthed. Through the analysis of the combination of artifacts in the period of no use, the graveyard grade of unearthed bronze gong is obtained. By analyzing the characters of the clan emblem of Gong, it is found that bronze gong is a sacrificial instrument used by merchants and merchants, and the social status of the tomb owner is relatively high, most of which are the leaders of Fang Guo or the upper aristocrats, holding the right of soldiers. In terms of cultural factors, bronze Gong has multiple cultural elements except Henan. The fourth part: the pattern analysis of bronze gong. Through statistics on the use of bronze gong ornaments, it is found that there are many full flowers and "three layers of flowers" in decoration, especially in animal ornaments. Through the analysis of the ornaments, we can see the aesthetic vision and religious belief of people at that time. This is precisely one of the profound meanings behind the bronze gong. The fifth part: the decline of bronze gong. Combined with the area, users, and special functions of the bronze gong unearthed, this paper summarizes the reasons for its gradual demise. The extinction of bronze pongs is closely related to the political, historical environment and its own changes.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K876.41
[Abstract]:Bronze Gong first appeared in the tomb of Yin ruins in Anyang, belonging to the second phase of Yin ruins. Bronze gong is a kind of special bronze sacrificial ware, which is generally used in high-grade tombs. As soon as it appeared, it was quite perfect in various aspects, and in the late Shang Dynasty, it disappeared gradually in the middle and late Western Zhou Dynasty. In the past, there were few scholars in the academic circles specializing in the study of bronze gong, but also few related to the origin, evolution, combination and the relationship between the bronze gong and other vessel shapes. On the basis of the previous research results, this paper makes a comprehensive study on bronze gong by means of statistics, typology and cultural factor analysis. Mainly includes the following several parts: the first part: includes the introduction and the first chapter of the article. The present research situation of bronze Gong since Song Dynasty is combed, and the phenomenon of bronze gong being misused and mixed with other objects in the past dynasties is distinguished. The necessity and importance of bronze gong research are clarified. The shape of the gong is often confused with that of the turn, the bird and the beast, and the viscera. In this paper, the characteristics of the shape of the bronze gong are analyzed, and the basis for its shape determination is put forward, and the function of the bronze gong is also discussed in this paper. The second part: the typology analysis of bronze gong. According to the changes in the bronze gong feet and the strength of the overall realistic feeling, they can be divided into three types: type A is an animal gong, that is, a three-legged or four-legged gong, and type B is a ring-footed gong, which has a larger number and a longer duration. It basically exists in the whole development stage of bronze gong. According to the changes of the circular pods of this kind of pods, they can be divided into two subtypes: the circular pods and the square ring-pods; the C-type finger pods are shaped like horns or horns, without complicated ornamentation and animal images. In addition, a number of special forms of bronze gong will also be introduced in the article. On the basis of typology research, bronze gong is divided into four periods and six sections. It is found that bronze gong is the most abundant in quantity, the most perfect in form and exquisite in shape, and the atmosphere is the peak period of bronze gong development. The number of Western Zhou decreased and began to decline. The third part: unearthed bronze gong combination relationship and clan analysis. In this paper, 45 bronzes were collected, mostly concentrated in Henan, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui and other places only a few unearthed. Through the analysis of the combination of artifacts in the period of no use, the graveyard grade of unearthed bronze gong is obtained. By analyzing the characters of the clan emblem of Gong, it is found that bronze gong is a sacrificial instrument used by merchants and merchants, and the social status of the tomb owner is relatively high, most of which are the leaders of Fang Guo or the upper aristocrats, holding the right of soldiers. In terms of cultural factors, bronze Gong has multiple cultural elements except Henan. The fourth part: the pattern analysis of bronze gong. Through statistics on the use of bronze gong ornaments, it is found that there are many full flowers and "three layers of flowers" in decoration, especially in animal ornaments. Through the analysis of the ornaments, we can see the aesthetic vision and religious belief of people at that time. This is precisely one of the profound meanings behind the bronze gong. The fifth part: the decline of bronze gong. Combined with the area, users, and special functions of the bronze gong unearthed, this paper summarizes the reasons for its gradual demise. The extinction of bronze pongs is closely related to the political, historical environment and its own changes.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K876.41
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相关期刊论文 前10条
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3 杜^，
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