商代殉狗习俗研究

发布时间：2019-05-30 01:49

【摘要】：商代作为中国历史上第二个奴隶制王朝,在中华文明发展史上占有重要地位。殉狗习俗是商代特有的一种风俗习惯,在殷墟历年来发掘的商代墓葬中,不管是贵族或平民墓,多半见有在棺底或棺面上下殉狗的现象,在宫殿、宗庙等建筑基址和祭祀坑中,也陆续发现了不少填埋有狗的坑。本文依据考古材料,结合文献记载,对商代殉狗习俗进行了分析和论证,并初步探讨了其流变过程及其相关问题。全文分六章,包括绪论、殉狗的类型、殉狗的方式、殉狗习俗的源流、殉狗的目的及其所反映的社会生活、结语等。本文认为,商代殉狗习俗以数量众多、类型多样、内涵丰富为主要特征。根据发现位置和场合的不同,可分为墓葬中殉狗、建筑基址中殉狗和祭祀坑殉狗三种类型。殉狗的方式主要有生殉和死殉两种。殉狗的头向和随葬品也都有一定的规律。商代前期是殉狗习俗的出现和发展期,而商代后期则是殉狗习俗的繁荣期。不同形式和场合殉狗的目的和作用也常常大相径庭。总的来说主要有守卫、驱邪、奠基和祭祀献享等功能,墓葬中的殉狗,除了具备守卫等功能外,还有可能作为墓主人的宠物而殉葬。商代殉狗的死殉、生殉方式及头向规律都是为了方便按照墓葬的规制进行殉埋而产生,殉狗随葬品的数量和种类跟墓葬规模和等级有着密切的联系。商代后期,墓葬中的殉狗在形式和方式上开始有了地区性差异,即使在同一个地区,不同遗址或墓地的殉狗形式也有着一定的差异,这种现象是商代殉狗习俗随着时间和范围的变化而逐步演变的结果。建筑基址中殉狗并不是普遍存在的,而应该与建筑的功能或某种仪式有着密切的联系。祭祀坑殉狗在不同的场合中出现的形式也有所不同,还与等级制度有一定关系,并从属于商代的祭祀制度。新石器时代和二里头文化时期,众多的动物埋葬坑和墓葬殉牲现象为商代殉狗习俗的出现和发展奠定了一定的基础,但商代殉狗习俗并不是直接吸收或借鉴前期或同期的其他文化类型的文化因素发展而成的,而是商代本身在其社会发展过程中兴起的一种文化习俗,是商文化本身发展的产物。商代殉狗习俗的普及是自上而下来完成的,在商代的殉葬和祭祀制度中占有重要的地位。商代殉狗习俗以畜牧、狩猎业的发达和养狗的普遍性为社会背景,以鬼神思想的盛行和“事死如事生”的丧葬观念为文化背景。
[Abstract]:As the second slavery dynasty in Chinese history, Shang Dynasty played an important role in the history of Chinese civilization. The custom of dog martyrdom is a unique custom in the Shang Dynasty. In the tombs of the Shang Dynasty excavated in the Yin ruins over the years, whether aristocratic or civilian tombs, most of them were killed in dogs at the bottom of the coffin or on the face of the coffin, in the base sites and sacrifice pits of buildings such as palaces and temples. Many holes filled with dogs have also been found one after another. Based on archaeological materials and literature records, this paper analyzes and demonstrates the custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty, and probes into its evolution process and related problems. The full text is divided into six chapters, including introduction, the type of dog martyrdom, the way of martyrdom dog, the origin of dog martyrdom custom, the purpose of dog martyrdom and the social life reflected by it, the conclusion and so on. This paper holds that the custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty is characterized by a large number, various types and rich connotation. According to the location and occasion of the discovery, it can be divided into three types: the martyrdom of the dog in the tomb, the martyrdom of the dog in the building site and the martyrdom of the sacrifice pit. There are two main ways to die a dog: life martyrdom and death martyrdom. The head of the martyred dog and the funeral objects also have certain rules. The early Shang Dynasty was the emergence and development period of dog martyrdom custom, while the late Shang Dynasty was the prosperous period of dog martyrdom custom. The purpose and function of martyrdom in different forms and occasions are often very different. Generally speaking, it mainly has the functions of guard, exorcism, foundation laying and sacrifice and sharing. In addition to the functions of guards and so on, the martyred dog in the tomb may also be killed as the pet of the owner of the tomb. The death and martyrdom of dogs in Shang Dynasty, the way of life martyrdom and the law of head direction are all produced in order to facilitate martyrdom according to the regulation of tombs. The number and type of funeral objects of martyred dogs are closely related to the scale and grade of tombs. In the late Shang Dynasty, the form and mode of martyrdom dogs in tombs began to have regional differences, even in the same area, there were some differences in the forms of martyrdom dogs in different sites or cemeteries. This phenomenon is the result of the gradual evolution of the custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty with the change of time and range. The martyrdom of dogs in the site of the building is not common, but should be closely related to the function of the building or some kind of ritual. The forms of martyrs in sacrifice pits are also different in different occasions, and they are also related to the hierarchy, and are subordinate to the sacrifice system of the Shang Dynasty. In the Neolithic and Erlitou cultural periods, many animal buries and tombs laid a certain foundation for the emergence and development of the custom of dog martyrdom in the Shang Dynasty. However, the custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty was not developed by directly absorbing or drawing lessons from other cultural factors in the early stage or the same period, but a kind of cultural custom rising in the process of social development of Shang Dynasty itself, which was the product of the development of Shang culture itself. The popularization of the custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty was completed from top to bottom, and played an important role in the system of martyrdom and sacrifice in Shang Dynasty. The custom of dog martyrdom in Shang Dynasty was based on the social background of animal husbandry, the development of hunting industry and the universality of dog raising, and the cultural background was the prevalence of ghost and god thought and the concept of "death and death".
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K878.8

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