马克思对市民社会的经济学分析及其哲学意义

发布时间：2018-02-09 17:04

本文关键词： 市民社会经济学政治国家　出处：《西北师范大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：近代社会认识的核心是个体与整体，或者说是个人与社会共同体之间的关系问题，亚当斯密更强调近代个人与社会的有机联系。他认为，在经济活动中个体和整体并不是对立的，，个人利己的经济活动不仅不与公共利益相矛盾，相反却可以促进公共利益。个人只要参与到分工与交换的体系当中，就会在“看不见的手”的调解下，实现与社会的统一。斯密的这一社会认识也给黑格尔以极大的启发。从整体上看，黑格尔几乎与斯密拥有相同的社会认识，他的有关市民社会的特殊性原理和普遍性原理以及两者的统一在斯密那里似乎都能够找到原型，在这个意义上而言，黑格尔是一位斯密主义者。黑格尔通过对亚当·斯密的国民经济学的深刻理会，确定了他的国家与市民社会理论是具备经济学性质的。黑格尔的市民社会概念是以国民经济学为背景的经济学范畴。但是与斯密的观点不同的是，在黑格尔那里，市民社会无论被描绘成自由的私人经济领域，其上面总有一个普遍的政治国家来完成社会福利等等的功能。黑格尔希望依靠超越市民社会的力量来解决市民社会内部的矛盾，来解释国家与市民社会相分离，以及理性国家决定了市民社会的思想，这极大地影响了马克思。马克思市民社会思想的形成过程正是从信仰到怀疑再到批判这一理性国家与市民社会观的过程。也正是因为如此，黑格尔把市民社会仅仅看成是伦理的自我异化形态及人类历史发展中的一个过渡形态。这一认识后来对马克思产生了深远的影响。马克思的市民社会理论研究，可以说是从批判黑格尔的市民社会理论开始。马克思在接受了黑格尔市民社会概念的经济规定的同时放弃黑格尔的国家哲学转而去研究国民经济学。这种坚持国家与市民社会二分的立场对于马克思完成从国家到市民社会的转变以及走向创立唯物史观以及开引政治哲学具有重要意义。
[Abstract]:The core of modern social cognition is the relationship between individual and whole, or between individual and social community. Adam Smith emphasizes the organic connection between modern individual and society. In economic activities, the individual and the whole are not antagonistic. The economic activities of the individual are not contradictory to the public interest, on the contrary, they can promote the public interest. As long as the individual participates in the system of division of labor and exchange, Under the mediation of the invisible hand, the unity with the society will be realized. Smith's social understanding also gave Hegel great inspiration. On the whole, Hegel had almost the same social understanding as Smith. His principles of particularity and universality of civil society and their unity seem to be able to find prototypes in Smith's sense, Hegel was a Smith. Hegel took a deep look at Adam Smith's national economics. Determined that his theory of state and civil society is of an economic nature. Hegel's concept of civil society is an economic category in the context of national economics. But unlike Smith's point of view, in Hegel's case, No matter the civil society is described as a free private economy, there is always a universal political state to fulfill social welfare and so on. Hegel hopes to rely on the strength beyond the civil society to resolve the contradictions within the civil society, to explain the separation of the state from the civil society, and the rational state that determines the ideas of the civil society. This greatly affected Marx. The formation process of Marx's civil society thought was exactly the process from belief to doubt to criticism of this rational state and civil society. Hegel regarded the civil society as a self-alienation of ethics and a transitional form in the development of human history, which had a profound influence on Marx. Marx's theory of civil society, Marx accepted the economic provisions of Hegel's concept of civil society and abandoned Hegel's national philosophy to study national economics. The dichotomy between family and civil society is of great significance for Marx to complete the transformation from state to civil society and to establish historical materialism and political philosophy.
【学位授予单位】：西北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：A811

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