《德意志意识形态》中的社会有机体理论研究

发布时间：2018-08-02 09:47

【摘要】：马克思社会有机体理论是马克思主义理论的重要组成部分。马克思在批判吸收他人有关社会有机体思想的合理成分的基础上，立足于现实的人及其现实的活动去考察人类社会的存在与发展，从而形成的科学的社会有机体理论。黑格尔以绝对精神的自我运动的方式把社会理解成为有机体；费尔巴哈也力图以抽象的“爱”原则把人类社会描绘成为一个和谐的有机体，但是他不懂得人的实践活动本身是社会关系形成的基础。空想社会主义的社会有机体思想对资本主义的历史地位及其发展趋势进行了深入探索，但是由于时代发展的局限性，欧文等各自描述了社会改革的方案，却没找到其实现的途径而陷入空想。实证主义孔德、斯宾塞的社会有机体思想实际上是一种用生物有机体观念来分析社会的观点和方法。马克思在批判继承的基础上，创立了科学的社会有机体理论。马克思通过对人类全部社会生活及其关系进行系统考察，指出人类社会是以生产方式为基础的，各种社会关系同时存在又相互依存的社会有机体。在《德意志意识形态》中，马克思与恩格斯遵循着“社会生活在本质上是实践的”这一“新唯物主义”世界观，把他们所创立的新历史观称之为“实证科学”，而这种“实证科学”从实质上讲，就是把人类社会看作是一个遵循其内在必然性并不断发展变化的有机体，是一个在人的实践活动基础上生成的不断自我更新的有机体。马克思在政治经济学方面的研究成果，极大地促进了唯物史观的建立。《资本论》等著作的发表对马克思的社会有机体理论进行了科学的论证，使得马克思社会有机体理论更为丰富。正如马克思所说，旧哲学家们只是用不同的理论来解释世界，他的新的唯物史观是在改造物质世界的实践中改变整个世界。马克思的这种根源于人的实践活动产生的社会有机体理论，成功地实现了对传统社会有机体思想的扬弃与超越。深入解读马克思社会有机体理论，理清马克思社会有机体理论与社会主义和谐社会、科学发展观之间的理论渊源，这对于深入贯彻落实科学发展观、构建社会主义和谐社会具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。
[Abstract]:Marxist social organism theory is an important part of Marxist theory. Marx, on the basis of criticizing and absorbing the reasonable elements of other people's thoughts on social organism, based on the realistic people and their realistic activities, inspected the existence and development of human society and formed a scientific theory of social organism. Hegel understood society as an organism in the form of self-movement of absolute spirit. Feuerbach also tried to portray human society as a harmonious organism with abstract "love" principle. But he does not understand that human practice itself is the foundation of social relations. The social organic thought of utopian socialism has deeply explored the historical position of capitalism and its development trend. However, due to the limitations of the development of the times, Owen and others have described the plan of social reform. But did not find its way to achieve and fall into fantasy. Positivist Conde, Spencer's social organism thought is actually a kind of view and method to analyze the society with biological organism idea. Marx founded the scientific theory of social organism on the basis of criticizing and inheriting. Through a systematic investigation of the whole social life and its relationship, Marx pointed out that the human society is based on the mode of production, and that all kinds of social relations exist at the same time and depend on each other. In German ideology, Marx and Engels follow the "new materialist" worldview of "social life is in essence practice", and call their new historical view "empirical science". In essence, this kind of "empirical science" regards human society as an organism which follows its inherent inevitability and constantly develops and changes, and is a self-renewing organism which is generated on the basis of human practical activities. Marx's research results in political economy greatly promoted the establishment of historical materialism. The publication of "Capital" and other works scientifically demonstrated Marx's theory of social organism. It makes Marx's theory of social organism more abundant. As Marx said, the old philosophers only use different theories to explain the world. His new historical materialism is to change the whole world in the practice of transforming the material world. Marx's theory of social organism, which originated from man's practical activities, successfully realized the sublation and transcendence of the traditional social organic thought. A thorough interpretation of Marx's theory of social organism, a clear understanding of the theoretical origin between Marx's theory of social organism and socialist harmonious society, and the concept of scientific development is of great significance to the implementation of the concept of scientific development. Building a harmonious socialist society has important theoretical value and practical significance.
【学位授予单位】：河南科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：A811.2

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