马克思的正义观及其对当代中国的启示
发布时间：2018-08-17 12:42
【摘要】：在人类思想史上,对正义的思考和追求是最长久的主题之一,但对它的认识直到今天还是一个争论不休的话题。1971年罗尔斯《正义论》的出版,引起了政治哲学的复兴。这股潮流也影响到国内,越来越多的人从正义的视角研究、思考社会问题。中国虽然很早就形成了传统的义利观,但真正学术意义上的正义研究,是在改革开放之后才开始的。改革开放以来,我国居民收入差距拉大逐渐成为一个突出的社会问题,正义开始成为热点问题,对马克思恩格斯正义观的研究也逐渐展开。 马克思正义观的产生不仅有经济、政治、科学、文化等时代背景条件,也有它的思想渊源。马克思批判汲取了古希腊哲学、德国古典哲学、古典政治经济学、空想社会主义及其正义思想,形成了自己的历史唯物主义正义观。 马克思正义观的形成经历了三个阶段。第一个阶段是对正义的继承阶段。博士论文和《莱茵报》时期,马克思向往、追求正义,继承了西方传统的自由主义正义和古典正义。第二个阶段是对自由主义正义观的批判阶段,马克思正义观产生。《黑格尔法哲学批判》是批判的开始,它为马克思思考正义问题打下了唯物主义的基础。《德法年鉴》时期是批判的展开、深化,《论犹太人问题》中,马克思从物质财产关系出发对自由主义正义观进行了解剖、批判；《黑格尔法哲学批判导言》为马克思思考正义问题奠定了无产阶级的立场和共产主义的方向。《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中,马克思从物质生产领域分析正义问题,是马克思生产决定正义观点的萌芽。马克思把自由主义正义观归结为对异化劳动的观念反映和维护,这是在思辨哲学范围内批判自由主义正义观的完成。第三阶段是马克思历史唯物主义正义观形成的阶段。这时期,马克思主要批判了当时的蒲鲁东主义正义观、拉萨尔主义正义观和杜林正义观。同时,由于马克思运用历史唯物主义这一新的批判工具,因此,自由主义正义观等一切非马克思主义正义观就都遭到了批判、扬弃,马克思独特的历史唯物主义正义观形成。 在理清马克思正义观的形成过程之后,本文对马克思正义观的基本理论架构进行了构建,提出马克思正义观包含以下要素。一,历史唯物主义是马克思正义观的哲学方法论基础,马克思以辩证法研究正义问题,实现了人类思想史上研究正义问题的方法论革命,是真正科学的新范式。二,物质生产是马克思研究正义的出发点。从物质生产出发考察正义,马克思提出了许多关于正义的正面的观点：物质生产决定了正义的实质：正义是人们对分配和经济利益关系的价值评价；物质生产的发展决定了正义内容的演变；生产方式决定分配方式；物质生产决定了正义的属性：历史性、阶级性。三,人的解放与自由全面发展是马克思的正义理想。马克思正义观最显著的特征就是它对各种非马克思主义正义观的批判,但这种批判同时也是扬弃,马克思并没有一般地否定、抛弃所有正义。他作为无产阶级理论家,站在无产阶级的立场,有消灭阶级的无产阶级正义观。这种正义观的最终实现就是共产主义,就是人的解放与自由全面发展,这就是马克思的正义理想和马克思追求的价值目标。早在《论犹太人问题》中,马克思就提出了人类解放的目标；在《黑格尔法哲学批判导言》中,马克思已经转向了共产主义；在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中,马克思论证了共产主义的历史必然性。历史唯物主义、无产阶级革命学说和科学社会主义理论的创立,为消灭阶级,建立共产主义制度找到了一条科学的道路。四,批判性、实践性是马克思正义观的本质特征。马克思正义观的批判性和实践性是内在地统一的,批判性不仅是指马克思正义观建立在对一切非马克思主义正义观的批判的基础上,也是指通过实践改变一切不合理、不正义的现实从而建立正义,这也就是实践性。 当代中国社会主义正义观应该是一种马克思主义的正义观,应该以马克思正义观为基础进行建构,应该具有实践性、批判性特征。当代中国实行市场经济体制,这必然产生一种自由主义性质的正义观。这种正义观,我们应当在肯定其积极作用的同时,进行引导、规范。在社会主义的当代中国,正义不仅应该是形式上的,还应该是实质上的。
[Abstract]:In the history of human thought, the thought and pursuit of justice is one of the longest themes, but its understanding is still a controversial topic till today. The publication of Rawls'Theory of Justice in 1971 brought about the revival of political philosophy. This trend also affected the domestic, more and more people from the perspective of justice, thinking about social questions. Although China has formed the traditional concept of justice and benefit very early, the study of justice in the real academic sense began after the reform and opening up. Since the reform and opening up, the widening of the income gap among Chinese residents has gradually become a prominent social problem, justice has become a hot issue, and the study of Marx and Engels'concept of justice has gradually become a hot issue. Open.
Marx's view of justice has its ideological origins as well as its economic, political, scientific and cultural backgrounds. Marx criticized and absorbed ancient Greek philosophy, German classical philosophy, classical political economics, utopian socialism and its ideas of justice, forming his own historical materialist view of justice.
The first stage is the inheritance of justice. In the Ph. Criticism of Gerr's philosophy of law is the beginning of the criticism, which lays a materialistic foundation for Marx to think about justice. Marx's analysis of justice from the field of material production is the germination of Marx's view that production determines justice. Marx attributes liberal justice to the reflection and maintenance of alienated labor. The third stage is the formation stage of Marx's historical materialist view of justice. During this period, Marx mainly criticized the Prussian view of justice, the Lazarist view of justice and Durin's view of justice. Therefore, all non-Marxist views of justice, such as liberal views of justice, have been criticized and sublated, and Marx's unique historical materialist views of justice have been formed.
After clarifying the formation process of Marx's view of justice, this paper constructs the basic theoretical framework of Marx's view of justice, and puts forward that Marx's view of justice contains the following elements. First, historical materialism is the philosophical and methodological basis of Marx's view of justice. Marx studies justice with dialectics and realizes the study in the history of human thought. The methodological revolution of justice is a new paradigm of true science. Second, material production is the starting point of Marx's study of justice. From the perspective of material production, Marx put forward many positive views on justice: material production determines the essence of justice: justice is people's value evaluation of the relationship between distribution and economic interests. The development of material production determines the evolution of the content of justice; the mode of production determines the mode of distribution; material production determines the attributes of justice: historicity, class nature. Marx, as a proletarian theorist, stood in the proletarian position and had the view of eliminating the proletarian justice. The ultimate realization of this kind of view of justice is communism, that is, the liberation and free and all-round development of human beings. This is Ma. Marx put forward the goal of human liberation as early as in "On the Jewish Question"; in "Introduction to Criticism of Hegel's Philosophy of Law", Marx had turned to communism; in "Manuscripts of Economics and Philosophy of 1844", Marx demonstrated the historical inevitability of communism. Historical materialism, the theory of proletarian revolution and the theory of scientific socialism have found a scientific way for eliminating classes and establishing a Communist system. 4. Criticism and practicality are the essential characteristics of Marx's view of justice. The concept of thinking justice is based on the criticism of all non-Marxist views of justice. It also refers to the establishment of justice by changing all unreasonable and unjust realities through practice.
The contemporary Chinese socialist justice view should be a Marxist justice view, and should be constructed on the basis of Marxist justice view. It should be practical and critical. In contemporary China of socialism, justice should be not only formal, but also substantive.
【学位授予单位】：浙江师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D61;A811
本文编号：2187665
[Abstract]:In the history of human thought, the thought and pursuit of justice is one of the longest themes, but its understanding is still a controversial topic till today. The publication of Rawls'Theory of Justice in 1971 brought about the revival of political philosophy. This trend also affected the domestic, more and more people from the perspective of justice, thinking about social questions. Although China has formed the traditional concept of justice and benefit very early, the study of justice in the real academic sense began after the reform and opening up. Since the reform and opening up, the widening of the income gap among Chinese residents has gradually become a prominent social problem, justice has become a hot issue, and the study of Marx and Engels'concept of justice has gradually become a hot issue. Open.
Marx's view of justice has its ideological origins as well as its economic, political, scientific and cultural backgrounds. Marx criticized and absorbed ancient Greek philosophy, German classical philosophy, classical political economics, utopian socialism and its ideas of justice, forming his own historical materialist view of justice.
The first stage is the inheritance of justice. In the Ph. Criticism of Gerr's philosophy of law is the beginning of the criticism, which lays a materialistic foundation for Marx to think about justice. Marx's analysis of justice from the field of material production is the germination of Marx's view that production determines justice. Marx attributes liberal justice to the reflection and maintenance of alienated labor. The third stage is the formation stage of Marx's historical materialist view of justice. During this period, Marx mainly criticized the Prussian view of justice, the Lazarist view of justice and Durin's view of justice. Therefore, all non-Marxist views of justice, such as liberal views of justice, have been criticized and sublated, and Marx's unique historical materialist views of justice have been formed.
After clarifying the formation process of Marx's view of justice, this paper constructs the basic theoretical framework of Marx's view of justice, and puts forward that Marx's view of justice contains the following elements. First, historical materialism is the philosophical and methodological basis of Marx's view of justice. Marx studies justice with dialectics and realizes the study in the history of human thought. The methodological revolution of justice is a new paradigm of true science. Second, material production is the starting point of Marx's study of justice. From the perspective of material production, Marx put forward many positive views on justice: material production determines the essence of justice: justice is people's value evaluation of the relationship between distribution and economic interests. The development of material production determines the evolution of the content of justice; the mode of production determines the mode of distribution; material production determines the attributes of justice: historicity, class nature. Marx, as a proletarian theorist, stood in the proletarian position and had the view of eliminating the proletarian justice. The ultimate realization of this kind of view of justice is communism, that is, the liberation and free and all-round development of human beings. This is Ma. Marx put forward the goal of human liberation as early as in "On the Jewish Question"; in "Introduction to Criticism of Hegel's Philosophy of Law", Marx had turned to communism; in "Manuscripts of Economics and Philosophy of 1844", Marx demonstrated the historical inevitability of communism. Historical materialism, the theory of proletarian revolution and the theory of scientific socialism have found a scientific way for eliminating classes and establishing a Communist system. 4. Criticism and practicality are the essential characteristics of Marx's view of justice. The concept of thinking justice is based on the criticism of all non-Marxist views of justice. It also refers to the establishment of justice by changing all unreasonable and unjust realities through practice.
The contemporary Chinese socialist justice view should be a Marxist justice view, and should be constructed on the basis of Marxist justice view. It should be practical and critical. In contemporary China of socialism, justice should be not only formal, but also substantive.
【学位授予单位】：浙江师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D61;A811
【参考文献】
相关期刊论文 前2条
1 尚实;“共产主义者不向人们提出道德上的要求”——被忽略了的马克思主义的道德论断[J];马克思主义与现实;2003年05期
2 张啸尘;;马克思的公平观及其对和谐社会的启示[J];马克思主义与现实;2008年03期
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