毛泽东的社会主义理论与实践背离的原因探析

发布时间：2018-08-30 13:44

【摘要】：毛泽东对社会主义道路探索的理论成果主要集中在八大前后，60年代初的调整时期而有所补充。大体内容是关于走中国自己的社会主义建设道路；关于社会主义经济建设的思想；关于社会主义的矛盾学说；关于社会主义民主政治建设的设想；关于社会主义文化建设的方针政策。但是毛泽东的社会主义理论与实践发生了严重背离，主要表现有：经济方面，毛泽东在理论上提出了中国的工业化道路，提出了经济体制改革设想，并在八大上确立了综合平衡的方针。可是实践中毛泽东首先一味地追求高速度，批评反冒进，提出多快好省的社会主义总方针，否定了八大的正确方针，发动了大跃进运动。其次毛泽东否定了经济体制改革的设想，58年人民公社化运动以及后来的文化大革命，使我国成为单一公有制与计划经济模式。毛泽东理论上提出了矛盾学说，指出社会主义的主要矛盾不再是阶级斗争。可是实践中毛泽东在整个晚年阶段都强调阶级斗争并不断升级，先后发生了反右派、反右倾、文化大革命的悲剧。在民主政治方面毛泽东提出扩大民主，废除领导岗位终身制的设想。可是实践中的主张个人崇拜，家长制、一言堂的做法盛行，破坏了集体领导制度。毛泽东在文化建设思想方面，提出了双百方针，提出尊重知识分子，在社会主义建设的实践中没有得到贯彻。理论与实践背离原因是什么？在思想认识方面，主要是理论准备不充分，没有正确理解马克思主义关于社会主义的论述，没有正确理解生产力与生产关系的矛盾，夸大了人的主观能动性，对建设社会主义没有经验；在认识方法上犯了教条主义和经验主义错误；实践中背离了实事求是的原则。在社会历史原因方面主要受西方空想社会主义和中国的大同思想的影响。在制度方面，主张个人崇拜，破坏了民主集中制和集体领导制度。同时，毛泽东晚年所犯的一系列左的错误都是受到国内国际因素的影响，国内表现为小生产者的平均主义，生产上的急噪冒进；在经济建设速度、阶级斗争等问题都受到了国际因素的影响。另外还有毛泽东的性格方面，他不怕邪，不害怕斗争，敢于斗争，，加上他长年在战争中度过的经历等个人因素。毛泽东为什么会出现社会主义理论与实践的背离？改革开放前社会主义建设的失误对当前社会主义建设有重大启示，我们在建设有中国特色的社会主义道路上，要时刻保持警惕，避免重犯毛泽东晚年的错误，真正实现中华民族的伟大复兴。
[Abstract]:Mao Zedong's theoretical achievements in the exploration of socialist road were mainly supplemented by the adjustment period in the early 1960's before and after the eighth National Congress. The main content is about taking China's own road of socialist construction, thinking about socialist economic construction, theory of contradiction about socialism, assumption of socialist democratic political construction; Principles and policies on socialist cultural construction. However, Mao Zedong's socialist theory and practice have been seriously deviated from each other, mainly as follows: on the economic front, Mao Zedong has theoretically put forward the road of China's industrialization and put forward a tentative plan for the reform of the economic system. A comprehensive and balanced policy was established at the eighth National Congress. In practice, however, Mao Zedong blindly pursued high speed, criticized anti-rash advance, put forward the general policy of socialism with more speed and economy, negated the correct policy of the eighth National Congress, and launched the Great Leap forward Movement. Secondly, Mao Zedong denied the idea of economic system reform, the people's commune movement in 58 years and the later Cultural Revolution made our country become a single public ownership and planned economy mode. Mao Zedong put forward the theory of contradiction in theory, pointing out that the main contradiction of socialism is no longer class struggle. In practice, however, Mao Zedong emphasized class struggle and escalated continuously in his later years, and the tragedies of anti-right wing, anti-right deviation and the Cultural Revolution occurred one after another. In democratic politics, Mao Zedong put forward the idea of expanding democracy and abolishing the tenure system of leading posts. In practice, however, personality cult, patriarchal and arbitrary practices prevail and undermine the system of collective leadership. Mao Zedong put forward the double-hundred policy and respect for intellectuals in the thought of cultural construction, which has not been carried out in the practice of socialist construction. What is the reason for the deviation between theory and practice? In terms of ideological understanding, it is mainly due to inadequate theoretical preparation, failure to correctly understand Marxist discourse on socialism, failure to correctly understand the contradiction between productive forces and productive relations, and exaggeration of man's subjective initiative. He has no experience in building socialism, has made dogmatism and empiricism mistakes in his cognitive methods, and has deviated from the principle of seeking truth from facts in practice. The social and historical reasons are mainly influenced by western utopian socialism and China's Great Harmony thought. In the institutional aspect, advocates the personality cult, destroyed the democratic centralism and the collective leadership system. At the same time, a series of left-hand mistakes made by Mao Zedong in his later years were influenced by domestic and international factors, which were manifested in the egalitarianism of small producers, the rapid increase in production, and the speed of economic construction. Class struggle and other problems are affected by international factors. In addition, Mao Zedong's character, he is not afraid of evil, not afraid of struggle, dare to fight, plus his long experience in the war and other personal factors. Why did Mao Zedong deviate from the theory and practice of socialism? The mistakes in socialist construction before the reform and opening up have great implications for the current socialist construction. We should always remain vigilant on the road to building socialism with Chinese characteristics and avoid repeating Mao Zedong's mistakes in his later years. Truly realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D61;A84

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