马克思正义观当代探析

发布时间：2018-10-12 06:30

【摘要】：在二十世纪七十年代之后,对于社会正义问题的探讨成为西方政治哲学界的热门话题。一方面,基于西方传统启蒙思想理论的西方政治哲学对于社会正义问题的探讨,未能完全解决西方资本主义社会的现代性弊端;另一方面,马克思主义理论虽然在社会实践中遭受挫折,但却一直作为一项理论资源被西方政治哲学流派所借鉴。出于以上两个原因,马克思主义的时代性要求马克思主义必须对现代社会中正义的诉求予以回应。然而在寻求马克思主义正义理论当代阐释的过程中,中西方都出现了过度推崇西方现代正义理论而对马克思文本“碎片化”解读的误区,曲解了马克思主义的基本观念和时代精神。对马克思正义观的理解应当以历史唯物主义为基本立场,即社会基本矛盾的运动是社会发展之本。正义问题应纳入历史发展的总进程中把握,不能仅仅从道德评价中做裁决。改革开放以后的中国选择了社会主义市场经济发展之路,在经济发展和社会治理上出现了许多新情况。其中,社会正义是重大问题之一。资本主义在工业化阶段也曾面临类似问题,马克思对资本主义的批判中就包含着关于社会正义的丰富思想内涵。马克思的有关思想在当代西方学术界引起了深入的争论和探讨。中国社会在最近三十年取得巨大成就的同时,正义问题也已经成为学术界对于“中国社会发展是否道德”问题的争论点。而“异化”和“雇佣”也已成为争论中两个质疑社会发展是否正义的标尺。除此之外,学术界对于西方正义理论规范化的推崇也逐渐地弱化了马克思主义正义理论的实践基础。造成了社会中对于社会正义理论多元化的选择趋势。这些质疑有些具有合理性但也有对于马克思主义的误解。尤其是以西方启蒙精神为基础的西方正义理论并非符合中国的现实实际,在现代性问题上并未能在根本上完成对于现代社会问题的根治,在对于现代性问题的解决上,只是一种“理性乌托邦”式的调和与假象。现代学者往往忽视西方政治哲学中的问题矛盾,而单纯地去看待它的优点。这是现代中国学术界急需改变的弊端。要回答时代给出的问题,我们就必须重新回到唯物史观的视角对上述问题逐一进行甄别和反驳。在马克思那里,虽然文本学中缺少现代社会意义上的“正义话语”,但是在对于资本主义社会的批判中提供了一个社会发展的方向。通过对于中西方现有正义观点的哲学反思问题进行研究,结合马克思主义的观点分析看待有关正义标准的社会发展问题,我们才可以在一个现实的基础上完成对于社会中不同正义理论的审视,以便于在分析社会发展的模式问题上减少不必要的阻碍。
[Abstract]:Since the 1970s, the discussion of social justice has become a hot topic in western political philosophy. On the one hand, the discussion of social justice in western political philosophy based on the western traditional enlightenment thought theory has not completely solved the modernity malpractice of western capitalist society, on the other hand, Although Marxist theory has suffered setbacks in social practice, it has been used as a theoretical resource by Western political philosophy schools. For the above two reasons, the epoch of Marxism requires Marxism to respond to the demands of justice in modern society. However, in the process of seeking the contemporary interpretation of Marxist justice theory, both China and the West have misinterpreted Marx's text "fragmentation" by excessively advocating the western modern justice theory. Misinterpret the basic concept of Marxism and the spirit of the times. The understanding of Marx's view of justice should be based on historical materialism, that is, the movement of social basic contradictions is the foundation of social development. Justice should be included in the general process of historical development, and should not be judged solely from moral evaluation. Since the reform and opening up, China has chosen the road of socialist market economy development, and many new situations have appeared in economic development and social governance. Among them, social justice is one of the major problems. Capitalism was faced with similar problems in the stage of industrialization. Marx's criticism of capitalism contained rich ideological connotations of social justice. Marx's thought has caused deep debate and discussion in contemporary western academic circles. At the same time, justice has become an issue in academic circles about whether China's social development is moral or not. Dissimilation and employment have also become two yardsticks to question whether social development is just or not. In addition, the standardization of western justice theory has gradually weakened the practical basis of Marxist justice theory. Has caused the social justice theory diversification choice tendency. Some of these questions are reasonable, but there are also misconceptions about Marxism. In particular, the western theory of justice based on the spirit of western enlightenment is not in line with the reality of China. It fails to solve the problems of modern society at the root and the problem of modernity by solving the problem of modernity, in particular, the western theory of justice, which is based on the spirit of western enlightenment, does not conform to the reality of China. It is just a kind of "rational utopia" type of harmony and illusion. Modern scholars tend to ignore the contradiction of western political philosophy and simply view its advantages. This is the drawback that modern Chinese academia urgently needs to change. In order to answer the questions given by the times, we must go back to the perspective of historical materialism to identify and refute the above questions one by one. In Marx's view, although the textual study lacks the "just discourse" in the sense of modern society, it provides a direction of social development in the critique of capitalist society. Through the research on the philosophical reflection of the existing justice views between China and the West, and the analysis of the social development of the relevant justice standards in the light of the Marxist viewpoint, Only on the basis of a reality can we complete the examination of different theories of justice in society so as to reduce unnecessary obstacles in analyzing the mode of social development.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：A81

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