马克思早期正义思想研究

发布时间：2018-11-11 11:24

【摘要】：自人类社会产生以来,就没有停止过对正义问题的探索,将其作为解决各种现实问题的重要依据和道德判断标准。随着人类社会的发展进步,正义的标准和内涵也在不断地发生变化,每个特定的历史时期对于不同的人、不同的阶级都对应着不同的正义观。从古希腊到现代社会,从柏拉图、亚里士多德、洛克、康德再到罗尔斯,都留下了丰富多彩的正义理论和新意迭出的真知灼见。马克思也在探究正义问题的悠长历史中,以历史的视角、科学的理论以及对现实的关切,形成基于现实的人以及人与社会辩证统一的正义思想。因此,为了回应当代中国对正义的诉求和呼唤,学界开始围绕“马克思与正义”问题进行研究。但是,学界大多关注的是其历史唯物主义形成之后的正义思想,对于早期马克思的正义思想鲜有问津。本文试图通过挖掘马克思早期文本中的正义思想,探寻“正义”是如何进入马克思视野的,以及是如何进一步发展的,使马克思思想发展中的隐形线索——对人的自由本性复归的追求明朗化,为此开展马克思早期关于人的自由的正义思想的探求。本文主要从马克思早期正义思想的时代背景和理论渊源、马克思早期正义思想的主要内容和特点以及马克思早期正义思想评析三个方面对马克思早期正义思想进行探寻和论述。首先,考察马克思早期正义思想产生的时代背景和理论渊源,在家庭熏陶和资本主义飞速发展的时代背景下,马克思批判汲取了古希腊哲学、近代自由主义、德国古典哲学、英法古典政治经济学、空想社会主义及其正义思想,形成了独具特色的正义思想。其次,对马克思早期正义思想的主要内容和特点进行概括总结,主要内容可以简单概括为四个方面:第一,《博士论文》中的理性正义思想,从“自我意识”哲学出发探寻人的价值;第二,《莱茵报》时期政治权利的正义思想,从政治的角度揭露社会的种种不平等,描绘了包含自由与平等的正义图景;第三,《黑格尔法哲学批判》中蕴含的正义思想,通过分析市民社会和国家以及法的关系,对自己的正义观念进行审视;第四,《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中人本主义的正义思想,从物质关系视角出发,运用异化劳动理论批判资本主义社会忽视人的现实性。通过对内容的总结概括,可以分析出马克思早期正义思想具有革命性、人本性和批判性的特点。最后,对马克思早期正义思想进行评析,第一,阐释马克思早期正义思想的历史地位。第二,论述马克思早期正义思想的时代局限。第三,阐释马克思早期正义思想的当代意义。
[Abstract]:Since the emergence of human society, we have never stopped exploring the problem of justice and regard it as an important basis for solving various practical problems and as a standard of moral judgment. With the development and progress of human society, the standards and connotations of justice are constantly changing. For different people and different classes, there are different views on justice in each specific historical period. From ancient Greece to modern society, from Plato, Aristotle, Locke, Kant to Rawls, all left rich and colorful theory of justice and new ideas. Marx is also exploring the long history of the problem of justice, from the perspective of history, scientific theory and concern for reality, form a dialectical unity of justice thought based on reality of man and society. Therefore, in order to respond to the demand and call for justice in contemporary China, scholars began to study the issue of Marx and Justice. However, scholars mostly pay attention to the justice thought after the formation of historical materialism, and have little interest in the justice thought of early Marx. This paper attempts to explore how "justice" entered Marx's vision and how to develop it further by digging into the thought of justice in Marx's early texts. In order to make the invisible clue in the development of Marx's thought the pursuit of the return of man's free nature clear, the exploration of Marx's early just thought on human freedom was carried out. This paper explores and discusses Marx's early justice thoughts from three aspects: the historical background and theoretical origin of Marx's early justice thought, the main contents and characteristics of Marx's early justice thought and the evaluation and evaluation of Marx's early justice thought. First of all, it examines the background and theoretical origin of Marx's early just thought. Under the background of family edification and the rapid development of capitalism, Marx critically draws on ancient Greek philosophy, modern liberalism, German classical philosophy. Anglo-French classical political economy, utopian socialism and its just thought have formed the unique thought of justice. Secondly, the main contents and characteristics of Marx's early just thought are summarized. The main contents can be summarized in four aspects: first, the rational justice thought in the doctoral thesis, From the philosophy of "self-consciousness" to explore the value of human beings; Second, the political rights of the political rights in the "Rhine newspaper" period of justice thought, from the political point of view to expose all kinds of social inequality, described the picture of justice, including freedom and equality; Third, the justice thought contained in the criticism of Hegel's philosophy of law, through the analysis of the relationship between civil society, state and law, the author examines his own concept of justice. Fourthly, the just thought of humanism in the manuscripts of Economics and philosophy in 1844, from the angle of material relation, criticizes the reality of human being in capitalist society with the theory of alienated labor. By summing up the contents, we can analyze the revolutionary, human and critical features of Marx's early just thought. At last, it analyzes Marx's early justice thought. First, it explains the historical position of Marx's early justice thought. Secondly, it discusses the age limitation of Marx's early thought of justice. Third, explain the contemporary significance of Marx's early thought of justice.
【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：A81

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